International Workshop on Heliothis Management International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Proceedings of the International Workshop on Heliothis Management ICRISAT Center Patancheru, India 15-20 November 1981 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi -Arid Tropics ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. Andhra Pradesh, India 502 324 The Potential Use of Microbials in Heliothis Management M . R . B e l l 1 3 7 Possibilities for Natural Enemies in Heliothis Management D. J. Greathead and 1 4 7 and the Contribution of the Commonwealth D. J. Girling Institute of Biological Control The Utilization of Biological Control in Heliothis Sudha Nagarkatti 1 5 9 Management in India Discussion - Session 3 1 6 8 Session 4 - Chemical Pesticides: Their Uses and Abus e s 1 7 1 A Critical Review of the Role of Chemical R. J. V. Joyce 1 7 3 Pesticides in Heliothis Management A Determination of an Economic Injury Level of P. H. Twine and 1 8 9 Heliothis armigera (Hubner) in Sorghum for I. R. K a y Southeast Queensland The Likely Impact of Synthetic Pyrethroids on A . K o h l i 1 9 7 Heliothis Management Discussion - Session 4 2 0 5 Session 5 - Host-Plant x Heliothis Interactions and 2 0 7 Resistance Screening The Importance of Heliothis-Crop Interactions in the B. R. Wiseman 2 0 9 Management of the Pest A Review of the Problems, Progress, and Prospects M. J. Lukefahr 2 2 3 for Host-Plant Resistance to Heliothis s p e c i e s The Potential Role of Natural Product Chemistry M. Jacobson 2 3 3 Research in Heliothis Management The Chemist's Role in Host-Plant Resistance Studies H. Rembold and 2 4 1 E . W i n t e r Progress in Research on Chemical Aspects of A. C. Waiss, Jr., 2 5 1 Host-Plant Resistance to Heliothis zea in R.G.Binder, B.G.Chan, Corn, Soybean, and Tomato C. A. Elliger, and D. L. Dreyer Techniques for Efficient Mass Rearing and J . A . M i h m 2 5 5 Infestation in Screening for Host-Plant Resistance to Corn Earworm,Heliothis zea Screening Groundnut for Heliothis Resistance W. V. Campbell, 2 6 7 J. C. Wynne, and H. T. Stalker Screening Legumes for Resistance to Heliothis D. J. Rogers 2 7 7 Discussion - Session 5 2 8 8 iv Session 6 - Novel Methods of Heliothis Management 2 8 9 The Present Status and Potential for Novel Uses A. N. Sparks, 2 9 1 of Pheromone to Control Heliothis J. R. Raulston, J. E. Carpenter, and P. D. Lingren Practical Development of Pheromones in Heliothis J. R. McLaughlin and 3 0 9 M a n a g e m e n t E. R. Mitchell Preliminary Studies on the Female G. H. L. Rothschild, 3 1 9 Sex Pheromones of Heliothis Species and A.G.L. Wilson, and Their Possible Use in Control Programs in Australia K. W. Malafant The Potential for Hybrid Sterility in Heliothis F. I. Proshold, 3 2 9 M a n a g e m e n t M. J. Laster, D. F. Martin, and E . G . K i n g Discussion - Session 6 3 4 0 Session 7 - Integration of Management 3 4 1 Past and Future Heliothis Management in Australia A. G. L. Wilson 3 4 3 Problems and Progress in Heliothis Management 3 5 5 B. T. Nyambo in Tanzania, with Special Reference to Cotton Progress in Research and Development for Heliothis 3 6 3 A. N. Balla Management in the Sudan The Problems and Prospects of Heliothis 3 6 9 G . H a r i r i Management in Southwest Asia Progress and Problems in Heliothis Management 3 7 5 J. A. Gledhill in Tropical Southern Africa Research on Heliothis at ICRISAT V. S. Bhatnagar, 3 8 5 S. S. Lateef, S. Sithanantham, C. S. Pawar, and W . R e e d Discussion - Session 7 3 9 7 Session 8 - Prospects for Future International Coope r a t i o n 3 9 9 Discussions and Recommendations 4 0 1 Appendix 1 - Participants 4 1 3 V Objectives of the Workshop: - To assemble the world's most experienced and acti ve scientists who are working on aspects of Heliothis spp management - To review the known information - To determine the priorities tor future action and cooperation Organizing Committee J.C. Davies C h a i r m a n W . R e e d Vice-Chairman Y.L. N e n e M e m b e r V.S. Bhatnagar M e m b e r S.S. Lateef M e m b e r C.S. P a w a r M e m b e r S. Sithanantham M e m b e r S. Krishnan Secretary Acknowledgments We wish to acknowledge the support of the many organizations who have financed the travel of participants. We are particularly grateful for generous financial support provided by the Australian Development Assistance Bureau which has enabled participants from developing countries and Australia to participate. vi Foreword An important function of an international research institute is to hold workshops, conferences, and symposia where delegates from many parts of the world can meet to discuss research problems and progress. ICRISAT has hosted many such workshops in the past, but this is the first in the entomological field. Heliothis s p p a r e pests of all our mandate crops—pigeonpea, chickpea, g r o u n d n u t , s o r g h u m , a n d millet—in almost all areas of the world where they are grown. Thus ICRISAT has a particularly keen interest in the management of thes e p e s t s . Much research on the management of Heliothis has been conducted on cotton, especially in the USA, Africa, and Australia, and w e are pleased to welcome several cotton entomologists from these areas to this works hop. To control Heliothis s p p o n cash crops, including cotton, insecticides have bee n used extensively and inten- sively, with good short-term economic returns but wi th consequent longer term problems in some areas. Most of ICRISAT's target far mers use no pesticides, partly because the economics of our mandate crops—with the possible exception of groundnut—do not permit the use of such costly inpu t s , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e t h e farmers have no access to suitable pesticides or to the means and knowledge required for their efficient application. We therefore concentrate our research upon those el e m e n t s o f Heliothis m a n - agement that are likely to be of practical value in the fields of these farmers who have limited resources. In particular, we hope to use ou r extensive germplasm resources to select and breed crops that are resistant to att a c k s b y Heliothis and other pests. However, we cannot rely entirely on a single means of pest management, so we are also studying several other elements that may be of value in the farmers' fields. This volume contains the papers that were presented by specialists on several important aspects of Heliothis management research and summaries of the discus- sions that followed. I was very pleased to learn th at new cooperative research initiatives were agreed upon during the workshop. I hope that these Proceedings will be of value to the many people who are concerned wi t h Heliothis management. L.D. S w i n d a l e Director General vii Opening Session Chairman: J.C. Davies Welcome to ICRISAT and the Workshop J.S. Kanwar and J.C. Davies* W h i l e w e l c o m i n g t h e 5 5 participants f r o m 1 1 c o u n - Dr. D a v i e s t h e n w e l c o m e d t h e participants t o t h e tries to ICRISAT, Dr. K a n w a r outlined t h e objectives w o r k s h o p . H e outlined t h e objectives o f t h e work- of ICRISAT, t h e s e being: s h o p , w h i c h w e re : • To s e r v e as a w o r l d center to i m p r o v e t h e y i e l d • T o a s s e m b l e t h e world's m o s t e x p e r i e n c e d a n d and nutritional quality of sorghum, pearl millet, active scientists working on various aspects of p i g e o n p e a , c h i c k p e a a n d groundnut. Heliothis spp m a n a g e m e n t . • To d e v e l o p f a r m i n g s y s t e m s w h i c h will help to • To review the known information. increase and stabilize agricultural production • To d e t e r m i n e t h e priorities for future a c t i o n a n d t h r o u g h better use of natural a n d h u m a n resour- cooperation.