ReportNo. 9623-CS Czech and SlovakFederal Republic Joint EnvironmentalStudy (In Twc Volumes) Volume Il-Technical Report Public Disclosure Authorized January22, 1992 Techni(al Department EnvirornmentDivision Europe,Middle Eas;.ard North Africa Region FOR OFFICIAL USEONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Documentof the WorldBank Public Disclosure Authorized Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients only in the performanceof their official duties.Its contentsmay not otherwise bedisclosed without World Bankauthorization. FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Czech and Slovak counterpartsincluding RNDr. Eliska Novakora, Ing. Milan Janek, and Ing. Guyova as well as the staff at Federal Ministry of the Environment,Czech Ministry of Environment, and Slovak Commissionon the Environment for their hospitality as well as their dedication and efforts to arrange and facilitatemeetings and discussionswith their colleaguesregarding the status of the environment in their country. I also appreciated the openness and candor that occurred in these discussions. Although significantenvironmental problems exist in CSFR, there also exists in CSFR dedicated and informed scientistsand engineers in the institutes, universities,and the newly created environmentalministries who can solve these problems. Finally, I would like to give special thanks to Leslie C. Burges for the technical editing and comments on this report and the rest of the KBN staff who helped produce this report. This documentha a roesrlleoddlparibullon iii id mnayhe usedby rocipientsonly in the performance of their oMficialdutleN. l1m conlaoniN nmy nult .ihorwloe ho dimcIwNod without World Bankauthorization. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS A.I.D. U.S. Agerey for InternationalDevelopment BOD biochemical oxygen demand CCFS Czech Council of Forestry Society CFC chlorinated fluorocarbons cm centimeter CO carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide COD chemical oxygen demand CS2 carbon disulfide CSAV CzechoslavakAcademy of Sciences CSCNE CzechoslovakCommission for Nuclear Energy CSFR Czech and Slovak Federated Republics CSTS CzechoslavakiaScientific and Technical Society dBA A-weighted decibel DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane EEC European Economic Community EPA U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency ft foot g/L grams per liter GEMS Global EnvironmentalMonitoring System H2S hydrogen sulfide ha hectare IARC InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer K2O potassium oxide kg/ha/yr kilograms per hectare per year kg kilogram kg/ha kilograms per hectare km kilometer km2 square kilometers kWh kilowatt-hour Lpd liters per day m meters m3/sec cubic meters per second MAB Man and Biosphere mg/L milligrams per liter mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mi2 square mile MT/yr megatons per year MW megawatt NO. nitrogen oxides P20 phosphorous pentoxide PAH polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon PCBs polycholorinatedbiphenyls REZZO Emission and Atmospheric Pollutant Source Registry ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (cont.) SO sulfur dioxide S0I' sulfate SPC State Planning Commission TCDD dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) TCE tetrachloroethylene TDS total dissolved solids ton/ha tons per hectare TPH tons per hour TPY tons per year TSS total suspended solids UNESCO United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization VOC volatile organic compound WHO World Health Organization pg/kg micrograms per kilogram ug/L micrograms per liter pg/m 3 micrograms per cubic meter LIST OF FIGURES (Page 1 of 1) 4-1 Particulate Emission Estimates for the Czech Republic in 1988 20 4-2 SO2 Emission Estimates for the Czech Republic in 1987 . .21 4-3 NO. Emission Estimates for the Czech Republic in 1987 . .22 4-4 CO Emission Estimates for the Czech Republic in 1988 . .23 4-5 Hydrocarbon Emission Estimates for the Czech Republic in 1988 24 4-6 ParticulateEmission Estimates for the Slovak Republic in 1987 25 4-7 SO2 Emission Estimates for the Slovak Republic in 1987 26 4-8 NO. Emission Estimates for the Slovak Republic in 1987 . .27 5-1 Water Resources in Czechoslovakia .. 52 10-1 Trends of StandardizedMortality .. 80 10-2 Areas of Slovakia Where PCBs Have Been Found in Food, 1987-90 87 10-3 Relationship Between the Synthetic Index of Environmental Quality and StandardizedMortality Ratio by District .91 11-1 Degraded Landscapes in the Czech Republic .98 11-2 Regions in the Slovak Republic with Ecological Problems.99 11-3 Characterizationof Ecological Stress to the Landscape in the Slovak Republic .100 11-4 Forest Regions Exhibiting Air Pollution Damage in 1983 .105 11-5 Expected Air Pollution Damage of Forest Areas in 1990 .106 13-1 Balance of sulfur import and export in Czechoslovakia in 1983 125 13-2 The Deposition of Sulfur Import and Export in Czechoslovakiain 1987 by SHMI Model Estimation .128 13-3 The deposition of NO, Compounds on the Territory of Czechoslovakia in 1987 by SHMI model estimation .129 13-4 Contributionsof Important internal and External Air Pollution Sources (Power Plantm, Cities, and Regions) to Sulfur Deposition in the Krkonose. 130 LIST OF TABLES (Page 1 of 2) 3.1 Associated AgriculturalRegulations . , 7 4-1 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in Selected European Countries.12 4-2 Total Air Pollution Emissions in CzechoslovakiaDuring the Period 1985 to 1988 .15 4-3 Relative Amounts of Air Emissions in Czechoslovakia During the Period 1985 to 1988 .16 4-4 Percent of Brown and Black Coal Used in the Thermal Productionof Electricity in Czechoslovakia,1970-1985 .18 4-5 Change in Average Annual SO2 Concentrations(pg/m 3) in the Czech Republic . .... 29 4-6 RepresentativeAir Quality Standards (ug/m3) For Czechoslovakia. 36 4-7 Summary of Atmospheric Protection Funds (fees in million Kcs) for the Period 1985 to 1988 ... 37 4-8 Penalties (Fines) for Atmospheric Pollution.39 4-9 Environment Investment in Atmospheric Protection (in million Kcs) .40 5-1 Change in the Classificationsof Clean Water in Selected Rivers in the Czech Republic from 1940 to 1980 .43 5-2 Status and Change in Water Pollution in the Czech Republic . 45 5-3 Change in Water Pollution from Registered Sources in the Slovak Republic.47 5-4 Summary of Water Management Fund Fees (in million Kcs) for the Period 1985 to 1988 .56 5-5 Summary of Fines for Water Management Violations for the Period 1985 to 1988 .... 57 5-6 EnvironmentalInvestments (in million Kcs) .60 LIST OF TABLES (Page 2 of 2) 6-1 Summary of Soil FertilizationFund (in million Kcs) for the Period 1985 to 1988 . 64 8-1 Major Nuclear Power Stations in the CSFR . 70 8-? Other Associated Nuclear Safety Regulations . 72 9-1 All Types of Mineral FertilizerUsage in Eastern Europe in 1981 and 1982 . 74 9-2 Use of Artificial Fertilizers in Czechoslovakia Agriculture, 1960-1988 . 75 10-1 Current Life Expectancy in InternationalPerspective . 79 10-2 Infant Mortality in Selected Districts in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin Compared to the Czech Republic . 81 10-3 Incidence of Diseases Observed in the Populationof Northern Bohemia Compared to the Czech Republic . 83 10-4 Relative Contributionto Allowable Weeklv Metal Intakes of Foods from Pribram and Mnichovice . 85 10-5 PCBs in Human v-atTissue at Autopsy, Selected Regions in the Slovak Republic . 88 13-1 Average Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen on the Territories of the Eight Most Polluted European Countries in 1987 by MSC-W Model Estimate . 127 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 1 of 4) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF ACRONYMSAND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND. 1 1.2 INFORMATIONSOURCES . 2 2.0 BRIEF BACKGROUNDOF THE CZECHAND SLOVAKFEDERATED REPUBLICS 2.1 LANDAREA, SIZE, AND SIGNIFICANT FEATURES . 3 2.2 POPULATION. 3 2.3 LANDUSE CHARACTERISTICS. 4 3.0 ENVIRONMENTALPOLICIES AND ATTITUDES 3.1 HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTALPOLICIES . 5 3.2 ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTALPOLITICS . 8 4.0 AIR POLLUTION 4.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS,AND SOURCES . 11 4.1.1 TYPES OF POLLUTANTS. 11 4.1.2 AMOUNTSOF EMISSIONS . 11 4.1.3 SOURCES . 14 4.1.4 AMBIENTLEVELS . 28 4 2 EFFECTS ......................... 30 4.3 MONITORINGPROGRAMS . 31 4.4 CONTROLSAND EXISTING MEASURESTO CORRECTPROBLFMS . 33 4.4.1 LEGISLATIVE CONTROLS . 33 4.4.2 AIR POLLUTIONCONTROL AND INVESTMENTS. 35 4.5 TRENDS . 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 2 of 4) 5.0 WATER QUALITY AND WATER QUANTITY PROBLEMS 5.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS, AND SOURCES. 42 5.1.1 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER POLLUTION .42 5.1.2 ACCIDENTS AND SPILLS TO SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER 50 5.1.3 WATER AVAILABILITYPROBLEMS . 50 5.2 EFFECTS . 53 5.3 MONITORING PROGRAMS. ... 53 5.4 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO CORRECT PROBLEMS . 54 5.4.1 LEGISLATIVECONTROLS . 54 ,.4.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANS, PROJECTS,AND INVESTMENTS 55 5.4.3 SPILL PREVENTION AND CLEANUP PROGRAMS . 59 5.5 TRENDS .. 61 6.0 SOIL POLLUTION/DEGRADATION 6.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS, AND SOURCES. 62 6.2 EFFECTS . 62 6.3 MONITORING PROGRAMS. 63 6.4 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO CORRECT PROBLEMS . 63 6.5 TRENDS . 65 7.0 FAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTE PROBLEMS 7.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS AND SOURCES. 66 7.2 EFFECTS . 67 7.3 MONITORING PROGRAMS. 67 7.4 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO CORRECT PROBLEMS . 67 7.5 TRENDS . 68 8.0 RADIATION PROBLEMS 8.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS, AND SOURCES. 69 8.2 EFFECTS . ... 69 8.3 MONITORING PROGRAMS. 71 8.4 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO CORRECT PROBLEMS . 71 8.5 TRENDS . .. 71 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 3 of 4) 9.0 AGROCHEMICAL PROBLEMS 9.1 TYPES, AMOUNTS, AND SOURCES . 73 9.1.1 O"ERUSE OF FERTILIZERSAND PESTICIDES . 73 9.1.2 CONTAMINATION OF FERTILIZERS . 76 9.2 EFFECTS . I . I I . 76 9.3 MONITORING PROGRAMS . 76 9.4 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO CORRECT PROB'EMS . 76 9.5 TRENDe. .. 77 10.0 HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEMS 10.1 TYPE, EFFECTS, AND CAUSES . 10.2 MONITORING PROGRAMS . 90 10.3 CONTROLS AND EXISTING MEASURES TO REMEDY PROBLEMS . 93 10.4 TRENDS . 95 11.0 LANDSCAPE, BIODIVERSITY,AND NATURE CONSERVATION 11.1 GENERAL LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY CONDITIONS IN CSFR .