Chapter 3: Baseline EIA Espejo de Tarapacá Region of Tarapacá, Chile INFORME July 2014 Prepared by: Environmental management Consultants S. A Father Mariano 103 Of. 307 7500499, Providencia, Chile Phone: + 56 2 719 5600 Fax: + 56 2 235 1100 www.gac.cl Capítulo 3: Línea de Base EIA Proyecto Espejo de Tarapacá Index 3. BASELINE ......................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2. Physical environment ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.2.1 Atmosphere ........................................................................................................................ 3-2 3.2.1.1 Meteorology .................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1.2 Air quality ........................................................................................................................ 3-5 3.2.1.3 Noise and vibration ......................................................................................................... 3-9 3.2.1.4 Electromagnetic fields .................................................................................................. 3-29 3.2.1.5 Luminosity ..................................................................................................................... 3-39 3.2.2 Lithosphere ....................................................................................................................... 3-43 3.2.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3-43 3.2.2.2 Area of Influence ........................................................................................................... 3-43 3.2.2.3 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 3-43 3.2.2.1 Geology ........................................................................................................................ 3-43 3.2.2.2 Geomorphology ............................................................................................................ 3-72 3.2.2.3 Risks ............................................................................................................................. 3-90 3.2.3 Continental hydrosphere ................................................................................................ 3-107 3.2.3.1 Hydrology .................................................................................................................... 3-107 3.2.3.2 Hydrogeology .............................................................................................................. 3-116 3.2.4 Hydrosphere Marina ....................................................................................................... 3-122 3.2.4.2 Physical Oceanography (coastal dynamics)エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。 3.2.4.3 Chemical Oceanography (Physical quality-chemical water and marine sediments)エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。 3.2.4.4 Biological Oceanography (diversity of marine communities) ..................................... 3-147 3.3. Terrestrial ecosystems .................................................................................................................... i 3.3.1 Soils ................................................................................................................................ 3-186 3.3.1.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-186 3.3.1.2 Theoretical framework ................................................................................................ 3-190 3.3.1.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 3-191 3.3.1.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-218 3.3.1.5 References ................................................................................................................. 3-219 3.3.2 Flora and vegetation ....................................................................................................... 3-220 3.3.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3-220 3.3.2.2 Bibliographic background of the area ......................................................................... 3-222 3.3.2.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-234 3.3.2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 3-237 3.3.2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-243 3.3.2.6 References ................................................................................................................. 3-243 3.3.3 Fauna .............................................................................................................................. 3-246 i Capítulo 3: Línea de Base EIA Proyecto Espejo de Tarapacá 3.3.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3-246 3.3.3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-246 3.3.3.3 Sampling effort ............................................................................................................ 3-256 3.3.3.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 3-261 3.3.3.5 Analysis of results ....................................................................................................... 3-275 3.3.3.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-277 3.3.3.7 References ................................................................................................................. 3-278 3.4. Cultural Heritage ..................................................................................................................... 3-281 3.4.1 Land archaeology ........................................................................................................... 3-281 3.4.1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3-281 3.4.1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-281 3.4.1.3 Bibliographical review ................................................................................................. 3-283 3.4.1.4 Ground results ............................................................................................................ 3-287 3.4.1.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-313 3.4.1.6 References ................................................................................................................. 3-313 3.4.2 Underwater archaeology ................................................................................................ 3-316 3.4.2.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3-318 3.4.2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-318 3.4.2.3 Bibliographical review ................................................................................................. 3-318 3.4.2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-328 3.4.2.5 References ................................................................................................................. 3-329 3.4.3 Paleontology ................................................................................................................... 3-335 3.4.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3-335 3.4.3.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3-336 3.4.3.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3-336 3.4.3.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 3-339 3.4.3.5 Ground results ............................................................................................................ 3-343 3.4.3.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 3-377 3.4.3.7 References ................................................................................................................