Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61322-4 — Assessing the Conservation Value of Freshwaters Edited by Philip J. Boon , Catherine M. Pringle Index More Information Index Abstraction licences 49 Canadian Heritage Rivers System 232 Areas of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve 12, 98, 178 184–187 Asset Management Programme 2 42 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 22 Australian fresh waters Chalk rivers 74 Australian Regional Forest Agreements 227 Challenging developments affecting fresh conservation audit of river reaches waters 105–111 229–230 protective legislation for bull trout, US case evaluating restoration potential 223–225 study 108–109 geomorphic condition –‘river styles’ 224 small-scale housing, UK case study groundwater-dependent ecosystems 106–108 (GDEs) 222, 223, 231 Conservation and freshwater resource historical aspects 218 management, opinions 18–25 international agreements for freshwater of IUCN 19–20 protection 221–222 of Nature Conservancy (Great Britain) 18 key strategies for freshwater conservation of US Environmental Protection Agency 18 231–232 of The Nature Conservancy (USA) 19 national agreements, strategies and of WWF 20 protected areas 222–223 Conservation criteria – see Natural values of National Water Initiative 220 rivers and lakes philosophical and political aspects 220–221 Conservation information needs and data responding to environmental threats 223 gaps 55 scoring versus systematic approaches to in developing countries 256, 257–258, 268 evaluation 225–228 National Biodiversity Network (NBN) 10, subterranean fresh waters 231 110, 173 Wentworth Group 220 NatureServe Network 55, 63 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Biodiversity 41, 91, 112, 143–144, 161, 230 European Biodiversity Strategy 92 Agenda 21 112 global biodiversity hotspots 259 in Australia 222 loss of 61, 91–92 in South Africa 242 threats to, in Europe 92–93 objectives 10, 257 threats to, in USA 93–94 Co-operative conservation and partnerships, Biogeographical zones 80–81, 84 UK 52–53 freshwater ecoregions 65–68, 80, 157, 50-year vision for England’s water and 188-189, 265 wetlands 52 Limnofauna Europaea 81 Action for the River Kennet 55 Natural Areas 81 collaboration in challenging development Natural Heritage Zones 81 109–111 Biological Records Centre 168 Heritage Lottery funding 54 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61322-4 — Assessing the Conservation Value of Freshwaters Edited by Philip J. Boon , Catherine M. Pringle Index More Information 286 Á Index Co-operative conservation and partnerships, effects on site integrity 50 UK (cont.) freshwater habitats and species of Little Ouse Headwaters Project 56 Community interest 74–77, 145, 192 reducing flood risk and encouraging Habitats Regulations 11–12 biodiversity 52 Natura 2000 site network 10, 75, 112, 193 River Care 55 site assessment criteria 11 The Living River 56 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) Tweed Forum 53 10–11, 50, 74–75, 78, 106, 142, 181, Co-operative conservation and partnerships, 192–193 USA 50–51 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 10–11, 75, protection of ivory-billed woodpecker 51 106, 192–193 recovery of whooping cranes 51 EC Water Framework Directive 3, 12, 24, USACE and TNC – Sustainable Rivers 100, 112, 162 Project 51 classification of ecological status 12, 43, 82, Countering threats to aquatic ecosystem 162 conservation 96–99 failing ecological objectives 166 ability to assess conservation value 96–98 heavily modified water bodies 135 legislative framework 97–99 hydromorphology 135, 181 river basin characterization 43 Definition of ‘conservation’ 2 river basin management plans 12, 42, 43, 162 Developing countries typology of surface waters 12, 81, 193 assessing diverse and representative UK Technical Advisory Group 24 ecosystems 259 Ecology of threats classifying freshwater ecosystems 265–267, convergence 95 270 irreversibility 95 community participation 260–261, 273 multiplicity 95 defining conservation targets 268–271 spatial dynamics 95 development of large dams 260 Economic development versus evaluating biological integrity 272 environmental protection 40, 48 evaluating restoration potential 262–263 Ecosystem goods and services 119, 255, 256, fish species richness 259 257 fisheries data 258 Environmental Impact Assessment and involvement of statutory and non-statutory hydropower development organizations 258 case study in Scotland 102–103 Mesopotamian marshlands – restoration 263 case study in USA 104–105 methods for assessing conservation value Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 264–273 Program (EMAP) 156 remote sensing 265–266, 270 European Union environmental legislation responding to environmental threats 260 41–44 River Continuum Concept – in tropical conflicts with regulatory frameworks in regions 270 USA 44 river gauging stations 257 enforcement 43 selecting areas of high conservation value 273 setting goals for conservation targets 272–273 Fens 56 transboundary river basins 259 Forests and Water Guidelines 25 Duality of mandates within and between Freshwater conservation planning 62, 63, 65, government organizations 48–50 67, 83, 85, 175, 177, 225–228, 243, 256, 273–274, 281 EC Habitats and Birds Directives 10, 42, 78, Freshwater ecoregions 65–71, 157, 188–189 102, 106, 112, 191–192, 216 criteria for assessing biological criteria for selecting SACs 145 distinctiveness 157 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61322-4 — Assessing the Conservation Value of Freshwaters Edited by Philip J. Boon , Catherine M. Pringle Index More Information Index Á 287 in developing countries 265 Integrated Catchment Management 160, 261 in North America 66 Integrated Water Resources Management spatial priorities 67–71, 79–81 (IWRM) 20–21 Freshwater habitat classification (typology) Invasive species CORINE 75 giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Ecological Drainage Units (EDUs) 53 265–266, 267 in USA 94 hydroecoregions 266 Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica 53 lake classification in UK 175–177 mink Mustela vison 170 lake classification in USA 177–178 North American signal crayfish Pacifastacus OECD classification based on nutrient leniusculus 13, 171 status 174, 175 zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha 171 river community sub-types 160 using hydrographic data 266 Klamath Hydroelectric Project 46, 104–105 Freshwater Imperative 23 Freshwater Initiative 190 Lake Assessment for Conservation (LACON) 79, 181–187 Geomorphological processes 161 Lake conservation value criteria used in Nordic countries 202–204 Hetch Hetchy Valley dam controversy 7 ecosystem functionality 190 Historical changes in the mission of evaluating and prioritizing lakes for government agencies – UK 46–48 conservation in UK 178–187 Countryside Agency 47 evaluating and prioritizing lakes for Countryside Council for Wales 46–48 conservation in USA 187–191 English Nature 46–47 Important Plant Areas (IPAs) 192–193 Environment Agency 47 LACON 79, 181–187 Forestry Commission 46 survey and data collection 167–168 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution 47 survey methods – UK and USA 169–172 National Rivers Authority 47 Lake Habitat Survey 24–25, 181–182 Nature Conservancy Council 46 Lake restoration 119, 125–126, 128–129 Nature Conservancy 46 Lakes (named) Scottish Natural Heritage 46–47 Bear Lake 189 Historical changes in the mission of Benton Lake 194 government agencies – USA 45–46 Cairngorm Lochs 195 US Army Corps of Engineers 45 Esthwaite Water 42 US Bureau of Reclamation 45–46 Great Salt Lake 189, 194 US Environmental Protection Agency 45 Lake Champlain 168 US Fish and Wildlife Service 45 Lake Erie marshes 194 Historical development of conservation – UK 7 Lake Superior 189 Historical development of conservation – Lake Tahoe 168 USA 6 Lake Waccamaw 189 Laurentian Great Lakes 62, 168, 178, 187 Identifying conservation priorities in the UK Loch Leven 106 71–82 Loch Lomond 73 priority habitats 73–76 Loch Maree 102 priority species 77–78 Loch Morar 73 Identifying conservation priorities in the USA Loch of Strathbeg 195 62–71 Long Lake 194 Incentives for freshwater conservation 2 Mono Lake 194 Index of Biotic Integrity 67, 184 Norfolk Broads 42, 193 Indicator species 78 Salton Sea 194 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61322-4 — Assessing the Conservation Value of Freshwaters Edited by Philip J. Boon , Catherine M. Pringle Index More Information 288 Á Index Lakes (named) (cont.) National Water Act 238, 240, 243, 245, Sevier Lake 189 247, 252 South Texas Salt Lakes 194 Natural Environment And Rural Swan Lake 194 Communities Act 10, 13 Upper Klamath 46 Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 10, Upper Lough Erne 193 13, 98 Utah Lake 189 Nature Conservation Act (Sweden and Lakes in Sweden – distribution 201 Norway) 200 Legal action Ohio Scenic Rivers Act 148 bull trout 108 Protected Areas Act 242 Sierra Club versus the US EPA 57 Ramsar Convention – see separate entry Legislation – Acts, directives, conventions, Registration, Evaluation and agreements 8–15 Authorization of Chemicals Act for the Preservation of the River (REACH) 44 Thames 39 Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Bern Convention 10, 78, 144–145 Act 135 Biodiversity Act 242 Swamp Land Acts 40 Convention on International Trade in Toxic Substances Control Act 44 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and UK nature conservation legislation Flora (CITES) 14 12–13 Clean Water Act 8, 14–15, 45, 54, 57, 58, Water