This document is downloaded from Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), Run Run Shaw Library, City University of Hong Kong. Reinventing Hong Kong local memory for cultural cold war – a study Title of Sung Wong Toi: a commemorative volume and cold war memory Author(s) Yiu, Ho Yeung Gordon (姚浩洋) Yiu, H. Y. G. (2020). Reinventing Hong Kong local memory for cultural cold war – A study of Sung Wong Toi: A commemorative volume and Citation cold war memory (Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), City University of Hong Kong). Issue Date 2020 URL http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk/handle/2031/9409 This work is protected by copyright. Reproduction or distribution of Rights the work in any format is prohibited without written permission of the copyright owner. Access is unrestricted. Academic Year 2019-20 Reinventing Hong Kong Local Memory for Cultural Cold War A Study of Sung Wong Toi: A Commemorative Volume and Cold War Memory YIU Ho Yeung Gordon Instructor: Prof. HON Tze-ki May, 2020 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is downloaded from Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), Run Run Shaw Library, City University of Hong Kong. Acknowledgement I would like to convey my acknowledgment to Prof. Hon Tze-ki, my instructor, who suggested some important ideas for my thesis, and Mr. Calvin Wong who recommended different primary and secondary sources for my research. Last but not least, a faithful gratitude to the President and Chairman of the Chiu Clansmen’s General Association, Mr. Chiu Wai Shing and Mr. Chiu Chak Sum, who spared their precious time to attempt the interview discussing about the history of Sung Wong Toi. 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is downloaded from Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), Run Run Shaw Library, City University of Hong Kong. Content INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 4 PART I .............................................................................................................................................. 10 QING LOYALISTS’ SUNG WONG TOI MEMORIAL SYSTEM .............................................................. 10 The Origin of Sung Wong Toi ....................................................................................................... 10 The Arrival of Qing Loyalists and Flourishment of Details .......................................................... 12 Emphasis of Narrative and Transformation of Lieu de Mémoire ................................................. 15 PART II ............................................................................................................................................. 22 COLD WAR HONG KONG .................................................................................................................. 22 Global Atmosphere: Britain’s Concern and America’s Indecisiveness ........................................ 23 Crisis and Chances in the 1950s: Tourism and Cold War Memory .............................................. 26 Two China: Legitimacy of Chinese Culture and Sung Wong Toi ................................................. 33 THE BUILDING OF SUNG WONG TOI GARDEN ................................................................................. 38 From Ruins to Garden: Communities’ Participation.................................................................... 39 Diffusion of Cold War Dynamic: Tourism, Exhibition and Academic Exchange ......................... 48 Sung Wong Toi Memory from the Garden to the Commemorative Volume .................................. 58 THE SUNG WONG TOI COMMEMORATIVE VOLUME ....................................................................... 65 Publication of the Commemorative Volume.................................................................................. 65 Inheritance of Sung Wong Toi Memory in the Volume ................................................................. 73 Sung Wong Toi as a Collective Memory through Commemorative Volume ................................. 79 PART III ............................................................................................................................................ 81 IMPACT OF COLD WAR SUNG WONG TOI ........................................................................................ 81 Media and Sung Wong Toi Memory.............................................................................................. 82 Impact to the Public: Public Creations ......................................................................................... 84 Sung Wong Toi in Cold War under Global Influence ................................................................... 85 Doubts, Limitations and Decline of Cold War Sung Wong Toi Memory ...................................... 87 CONCLUSION: SUNG WONG TOI’S PAST AND FUTURE ..................................................................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 95 3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is downloaded from Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), Run Run Shaw Library, City University of Hong Kong. Introduction On 21st April, 2014, the discovery of an old well, dated at the Sung Dynasty, was discovered during construction of Shatin to Central Link, whereupon preservation of Sung Wong Toi and Sung artifacts once again become a featuring issue: from a concern of historical relic to our collective memory. Sung Wong Toi development undergoes with tortuousness yet it is remarkable. Scholars since the beginning of twentieth century had already studied about Sung Wong Toi’s history and its related creation such as poems and articles. Qing loyalists such as Chen Botao (陳伯陶, 1855-1930) authenticated historical accuracies of Sung Emperors’ evacuation to Hong Kong which the relic commemorated. Their works, not only gave the first glimpse of the ‘ancient’ history of Hong Kong, but also initiated a trend of commemorating their former master by aligning the lamentable history enshrined by Sung Wong Toi. The ROC scholars who resided in Hong Kong after 1949, such as Jian Youwen (簡又文, 1896-1978) proceed the study of Sung Wong Toi history in Hong Kong and further elaborated their predecessors’ sentiments into their nationalist ideal. Recent scholarship diversified Sung Wong Toi studies into areas, for instance, social atmosphere, political decision and ideological development. Chiu Yu-lok’s The Modern Literati and The Intellectual Thought and Social Life in Modern and Contemporary Periods focus on the ideological phylogeny of the Qing loyalists, who resided in Kowloon after 1911 and contributed to the establishment of Sung Wong Toi; Chiu and Chung Po-yin’s cooperative work Kowloon City analyzed Sung Wong Toi as 4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is downloaded from Outstanding Academic Papers by Students (OAPS), Run Run Shaw Library, City University of Hong Kong. the prior evidence to substantiate Sung emperors’ final stage of their lives in Hong Kong, the main contribution is to make Kowloon history namely equalize to the history of Sung; Kao Chia-Cian’s Adherents' History in Stone: Autumn Chants on the Terrace of the Sung Kings and the Landscapes of the Qing Dynasty Adherents in Hong Kong and Yiu To-Sang and Wong Chin-Leung’s A Study on Hou Wong Temple in Kowloon City with Reference to Sung Wong Toi respectively elucidated the connection between literati and Sung Wong Toi, and other historical sites in Kowloon chained up a public imagination as well as making Sung Wong Toi a landscape out of a singly space. These admirable works demonstrated Sung Wong Toi’s importance as a historical site in areas of intellectual, social and urban history which consistent to scholars in Chen and Jian’s generations. Literary studies, historical authentications are astoundingly abundant, while I would wonder how memory that attached beyond the history, the poems and Sung Wong Toi’s development itself, was preserved and transformed over generations. More recent works, for instance, Hon Tze-ki’s A Rock, a Text and a Tablet: Making the Sung Emperor’s Terrace a Lieu de Mémoire, along with Yiu and Wong aforesaid work suggested an emphasis of historical memory on studying Sung Wong Toi. Hon further articulated that “(the) analogy between the remembrance of Sung loyalty and the remembrance of the Cold War was vividly on display at the front of Sung Wong Toi: A Commemorative Volume (Sunghuangtai jinianji, 宋皇臺紀念集),” which signified both the importance of the Commemorative Volume, a commemorative anthology after the establishment of memorial garden as well as a new dynamic of Sung Wong Toi’s memorial system when Hong Kong became the battlefield between the 5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is downloaded from Outstanding