ASTRONOMY AND WORLD HERITAGE: ACROSS TIME AND CONTINENTS KAZAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY 2016 УДК 520/52 ББК 22.6 A 89 Published by decision of the Scientific Council of Engelhardt Astronomical observatory Scientific Editor: Academician (Full Member) of RAS Mikhail Ya. Marov Nominated Chair, WG on Space Technology, UNESCO World Heritage Committee Chair, WG 4 on Heritage of Space Exploration, IAU Commssion C.C4 Associate Scientific Editors: Olga B. Dluzhnevskaya, PhD, UNESCO World Heritage Focal Point from Russia Jarita C Holbrook,Prof.Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Viktor K. Abalakin, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Yuri A. Nefedyev,Dr.Sci.,Prof.,Director of Engelhardt Astronomical observatory, Russia Tamila M. Potyomkina, PhD, Senior researcher of the Institute of Arhaeology of RAS Drafters: Olga B. Dluzhnevskaya, PhD (Phys.–Math.), Y.A. Nefedyev Dr. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Prof. Victor S. Borovskih, PhD (Phys.–Math.), Associate professor ISBN 978-5-00023-330-0 This collective monograph contains results of the study carried out by the European, Asian and American scientists – specialists in archaeoastronomy and basic astronomy, made in the framework of the UNESCO Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” (Coordinator Mrs. Anna Sidorenko- Dulom, UNESCO HQ). The book examines the major milestones in astronomical research and discoveries involving historival monuments of interest to archeoastronomy and of international value. The monograph will be useful to professional researchers in the field of archeology and the history of astronomy, as well as to students of relevant scientific disciplines and to laymen of a broad interest. This work was supported and funded by the subsidy allocated to Kazan Federal University for the State assignment in the branch of scientific activities УДК 52 ББК 22.6 ISBN 978-5-00023-330-0 © Group of authors, 2016 © Publishing house of Kazan University, 2016 2 From the Scientific Editor This collective monograph aims to highlight the results of scientific research in the field of archeoastronomy integrating archeology and the history of astronomy. It is composed of the set of papers submitted to the UNESCO International Conference “Astronomy and World Heritage: Across time and continents” which was held in Kazan (Russia) in August 2009. The baseline of the Conference was the UNESCO Thematic initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” launched in 2004. Distinguished delegates from 15 countries attended the meeting including specialists in the fields of astronomy and archaeology, UNESCO and IAU representatives, as well as directors of astronomical observatories and coordinators of international projects. The Conference under auspice of President of Tartar Republic Mintimer Shaymiev became one of the most remarkable events of the International Year of Astronomy, as it was proclaimed at the 62-th General Assembly of the United Nations. The monograph contains a comprehensive review of the main results of the study made until recently by European, Asian and American scientists and represents a synergism of astronomy and archaeoastronomy/archeology. It examines the major milestones in astronomical research and presents the actual discoveries “across time and continents”, from the megalith monuments of past civilizations through medieval and optical astronomy, and ultimately to the modern time culminating with the beginning of space exploration. The topics reflect the role of astronomy in the life of nations of various continents, ranging from the most ancient witnesses of the conducted astronomical observations to the modern international astronomical projects. The contents expands our views of space environment tremendously, and in particular, allows us to survey the long period of human beings’ history, involving the first primitive astronomical instruments of the ancient times through the new exciting opportunities to penetrate deep in our space environment and to have close up views of other worlds. Basically, the book represents an excellent illustration of the great progress which the mankind achieved for a few millennia of its evolution, specifically in such advanced science like astronomy, in attempts to understand its own position in the boundless Universe. Unfortunately, because of some reasons including financial constraints, the organizers could not accommodate obvious needs to publish the Conference Proceedings soon after the event has ended. Nonetheless, interest of the participants has not been lost, and an original idea eventually was modified to publishing the collective monograph. The results discussed in Kazan were only slightly updated, and the papers kept current importance and represent state of art in this area of fundamental science. We are aware that not all papers are written in good English because no native English-speaking editor was available, and apologize for this disadvantage. The drafters and associate scientific editors paid the great efforts to compile the monograph contents as coherently as possible. I am pleased to thank them and all the authors submitted their papers for publication for contribution and cooperation. I acknowledge an invitation of the Kazan Federal University and Engelhardt Astronomical observatory to be Scientific Editor of the monograph. Mikhail Ya. Marov, Academician, Russian Academy of Sciences February, 2016 3 CONTENTS PREFACE 6 A. Archaeo-Astronomical Objects 26 A1 Stone Age Time-Reckonings and Cosmovision: The Heritage of the Skywatchers 26 from Earlier Prehistory - Dr. Michael A. Rappenglück A2 Indigenous Astronomy and its Heritage:Africa, Pacific, Asia, and Beyond - Dr 58 Jarita Holbrook A3 A Stone Age Astrolabes: Lunar and Solar Signs of Onega Lake Petrogliphs - 69 Potyomkina Т.М. A4 Archaeoastronomcal Data of the Sites of the Iset` River Headstream (URAL)- 80 Victorova, V. D., Anisimov N. P. To the Establishment of Astronomy and Calendaristics in Ancient Cultures of North A5 89 Asia (Western Siberia, Khakasia) - Larichev, V.Ye., Giyenko, Ye.G., Parshikov, S.A., Prokopyeva, S.A. A6 Archaeoastronomical Aspects of the Great Salbyk Barrow in Siberia - Мarsadolov 98 L. S. Novokondurovsky-1 Kurgan «with Moustaches» as the Keeper of Time and Ritual - A7 105 Kirillov A. K., Kirillovа N. G. The Tunguska Phenomenon and its Reflection in the World outlook Representations A8 111 of the Evenkis and in scientific Hypotheses - Dmitrieva N.V. , Romenko V.A. Eclipse of May 28 -584 location as World Heritage Site Candidate - Mehmet Emin A9 119 Ozel A10 Ancient Solar Observatory of Gobustan (Azerbaijan) - Rustamov A.A. 120 A11 Ancient Lunar-Solar Calendars of Daghestan - Israpilov M.I. 127 A12 Early Bronze Age Megalithic Monuments situated near large Ancient Settlements 128 in Central Thrace, Bulgaria - Alexey Stoev, Mina Stoeva A13 Ancient Astronomy in Ukraine: From the Paleolithic Era to tne beginning of New 136 Era - Vavilova I.B., Artemenko T.G. A14 Ancient Solar Observations from Rock Sanctuaries at East Rhodopes, Bulgaria – 145 Penka Stoeva A15 The Jantar Mantar: 18th Century pre-telescopic masonry Observatories in India - 153 Shikha Jain A16 «Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarqand» Ehgamberdiev S.A. 158 A17 Astronomy in Tajikistan: Past, Prеsеnт and Futurе - Kh. Ibadinov 163 4 A18 “A Survey of large meridian Instruments across Continents & Time” - C. Benoist, 164 F. Le Guet Tully, J. Davoigneau A19 The «Carte du Ciel» or the «Great Star Map» Heritage across Continents - F. Le 171 Guet Tully, J. Davoigneau B. Astronomical Observatories ХVII–XIX AC 172 B1 «Astronomical Heritage – Solar Observatories and Instruments, 17th to 19th Centure» 172 - Gudrun Wolfschmidt B2 «Astronomical Heritage – development of Modern Solar Tower Observatories, 20th 178 Century» - Gudrun Wolfschmidt B3 History of the First Astronomical Observatory in Bulgaria - Valeri Golev, Alexey 188 Stoev, Penka Stoeva B4 «The High Mountain Research Stations: The first Laboratories for the study of 194 cosmic Rays, elementary Particles and high energy Physics» - Alba Zanini Astronomical Observatories in Ukraine: relevance to the Unesco Astronomy World B5 203 Heritage Initiative - Pinigin G. I., Poshalova Zh.А., Rostopchina-Shakhovskaya А.N., Bondar N.I., Kazantseva L.V., Andrievsky S.М., Karetnikov V.G. B6 Astronomical Observatory of the Moscow University – Monument of History of 212 Science and Architecture - Mentsin Yu.L., Lapina I.K. B7 The Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo of RAS as the Object of World 221 Heritage - Stepanov A.V., Abalakin V.K., Tolbin S.V B8 The Pulkovo Heritage in Western 19th and 20th Century Observatories -J. 227 Davoigneau, F. Le Guet Tully B9 Kazan Observatory as an Object of Astronomical Heritage - Nefediev Yu.A., 228 Andreev A.O., Demina N.Y. C. Space World Heritage 235 C1 On Astronomical Heritage for the Future: two Examples - Shustov B.M. 235 C2 Statistics and systematization of the names of the lunar Relief - Pugacheva S.G., 244 Shevchenko V. V. C3 Space Technology World Heritage: Basic Concept - Marov М.Ya. 252 Conclusions and Perspective 264 Appendix 1 & 2 267 5 PREFACE Since the time when ancient man recognized himself as a thinking creature and directed his eyes to the sky, he awared the greatness of the Universe and asked questions about relationship of celestial events with natural phenomena and their influence onto life on Earth. Addressing such possible connections, ancient people have started regular observations of the sky luminaries, attempting to explain and to predict future