Notes Introduction: A New Deal for the Middle East 1. Memorandum of conversation on Palestine, Foreign Office, April 11, 1944, Lot Files 78D440, Record Group 59, National Archives and Record Administration (hereafter referred to as NARA). 2. “Summary of Opinion and Ideas on International Postwar Problems,” September 9, 1942, Postwar Foreign Policy Files, Welles Papers, folder 1, box 190, Sumner Welles Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter referred to as FDRL). Although this book makes extensive use of primary sources, it also utilizes the last quarter cen- tury of historiography as well as new historiographical methodologies such as decolonization. It has been three decades since the appearance of the two standard accounts of the origins of the United States in the Middle East: Phillip J. Baram’s The Department of State in the Middle East, 1919– 1945 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978) and Thomas Bryson’s Seeds of Middle East Crisis: The United States Diplomatic Role in the Middle East during World War II (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1981) and The Department of State in the Middle East, 1919–1945 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975). Both accounts relied almost exclusively on the State Department’s series Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) without the benefit of the many collections at the US National Archives, FDRL, or archival materials in Britain and the Middle East. Nor did earlier accounts approach the subject of the United States in the Middle East from the per- spective of empire and decolonization. 3. Hans Georg von Mackensen, Ambassador to Rome, to Foreign Ministry Berlin, September 14, 1940, Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, 1940–1941, Vol. XI (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1960), 75–76. 4. The Grand Mufti to Adolf Hitler, January 20, 1941, Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, 1940–1941, Vol. XI (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1960), 1151–1155. 5. Memorandum by Ernst Woermann, February 4, 1941, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1941, Vol. XII (Washington: United States Government 156 Notes Printing Office, 1962), 18–19; Ernst Woermann, Director of Political Department, to Paris embassy, February 25, 1941, Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, 1941, Vol. XII (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1962), 156–157. 6. Memorandum of conversation with Paul West of the OWI, December 22, 1942, Central Files, 867N.00/614, NARA. 7. “Review of the Situation in Palestine,” by Wallace Murray, February 9, 1940, Central Files, 867N.01/685, NARA; Wallace Murray, “Attitude of Saudi Arabia toward the European War,” April 12, 1940, Central Files, 890F.00/53, NARA. 8. For background on Iraqi national feeing in the 1940s, see Henderson to State, October 4, 1944, with enclosure: “A Personal Note on the History of Popular Feeling in Iraq towards the Allies with Constructive Suggestions,” Central Files, 890G.00/10–444, NARA. See also Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1997), 116–117. 9. Wallace Murray memorandum to Sumner Welles, “The Strategic Situation in the Near East,” February 19, 1942, Lot Files 78D440, NARA. 10. “Zionism: A Viewpoint for American Consideration,” Coordinator of Information, December 6, 1941, Central Files, 867N.01/1798, NARA. 11. See also Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 12. Lampson to Ankara, May 20, 1941, FO 371/27071, British National Archives; Knatchbull-Hugessen to Foreign Office, June 2, 1941, FO 371/27074. 13. “Review of the Situation in Palestine,” by Wallace Murray, February 9, 1940, Central Files, 867N.01/685, NARA. 14. Sir Kinahan Cornwallis to Anthony Eden, June 6, 1941, FO 371/27077. 15. William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). 16. “Need for Over-All American Political Representative in the Near East,” by Paul Alling, May 8, 1942, Lot File 78D440, NARA. 17. Two excellent biographies of Cromer and Curzon have recently appeared, exploring the Middle East in detail. See Roger Owen, Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman, 1859–1925 (London: John Murray, 2005). 18. Keith Jeffery, “The Second World War,” in Judith Brown and William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 306–307. 19. Churchill to Halifax, November 10, 1940, CAB 120/581; Newton to Eden, January 17, 1941, FO 371/27100. 20. Sir Basil Newton to Lord Halifax, September 28, 1940, FO 371/24559. Notes 157 21. “War Cabinet: Palestine,” Note by the Prime Minister, April 28, 1943, FO 371/35034. 22. Memorandum by Anthony Eden, March 16, 1942, CAB 120/581. 23. “Aide-Memoire: The British Embassy to the Department of State,” September 10, 1943, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Vol. IV, The Near East and Africa (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1964), 989–991 (hereafter referred to as FRUS). 24. “His Majesty’s Government’s Policy in the Middle East,” July 19, 1940, Foreign Office File, FO 371/2807307; “British Views with Respect to Colonies and Dependent Areas,” P document 113, October 2, 1942, Postwar Planning Files, Notter Files, Record Group 59, NARA. 25. “War Cabinet: Palestine,” Note by the Prime Minister, April 28, 1943, FO 371/35034. 26. Cornwallis to Eden, February 24, 1944, FO 371/40134. 27. Memorandum of conversation between Isaiah Bowman and Sir Cosmo Parkinson, February 25, 1943, box 191, folder 4, Postwar Foreign Policy Files, Sumner Welles Papers, FDRL. 28. Sir Maurice Peterson to Haliax, December 22, 1938, FO 371/23202; R. A. Butler to Baggallay, November 8, 1939, FO 371/23202. 29. Thomas A. Bryson, American Diplomatic Relations with the Middle East, 1784–1975 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975). 30. “Memorandum for the President,” No. 125, by William J. Donovan, Office of Strategic Services, January 3, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Papers as President, President’s Secretary’s File, box 147, FDRL. 1 FDR and the End of Empire in the Middle East 1. Baggallay to Mallaby, June 20, 1940, FO 371/24558, British National Archives. 2. P minutes 24, August 29, 1942, Postwar Planning, Notter Files, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). 3. “Memorandum for the President,” No. 125, by William J. Donovan, Office of Strategic Services, January 3, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Papers as President, President’s Secretary’s File, box 147, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library (FDRL), Hyde Park, New York. 4. Smuts to Roosevelt, May 19, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Papers as President, President’s Secretary’s File, box 51, FDRL. 5. “The Case against Partition, Annex II,” by Anthony Eden, September 15, 1944, FO 371/40137, British National Archives. 6. FDR memorandum for Hopkins, Marshall, King, July 15, 1942, PSF, Safe Files, Hopkins File, box 3, FDRL. 7. “Personal Memorandum in Regard to Situation as of August 1, 1942,” by President Roosevelt, August 3, 1942, PSF, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Papers as President, President’s Secretary’s File, box 51, FDRL. 158 Notes 8. Lloyd Gardner, “FDR and the Colonial Question,” in David Woolner, Warren Kimball, and David Reynolds, eds. FDR’s World: War, Peace, and Legacies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979); Warren Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991). 9. Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empire: Western Footprints and America’s Perilous Path in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004); D. K. Fieldhouse, Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914–1958 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); see also David Ryan and Victor Pungong, eds. The United States and Decolonization: Power and Freedom (London: Macmillan, 2000). 10. “His Majesty’s Government’s Policy in the Middle East,” July 19, 1940, Foreign Office File, FO 371/2807307; Sir Basil Newton to Anthony Eden, January 17, 1941, FO 371/27100; Sir Miles Lampson to Foreign Office, May 3, 1941, FO 371/27068. 11. Anthony Eden, “The Case against Partition,” September 15, 1944, FO 371/40137. 12. Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Toby Dodge, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); Jeremey Salt, The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab Lands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). 13. David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (New York: Owl Books, 1989). 14. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 15. Churchill to Halifax, November 10, 1940, CAB 120/581. 16. Glen Balfour-Paul, “Britain’s Informal Empire in the Middle East,” in Judith Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). American views of this indirect British system are revealed in “Machinery by which Great Britain Maintains Control over, or Exerts Influence in, Various Phases of Iraqi National Life,” by Loy Henderson, March 13, 1944, Central Files, 890G.00/695, NARA; and “British Controls in Iraq,” by Richard E. Gnade, February 25, 1944, Central Files, 890G.00/695, NARA. 17. Dodge, Inventing Iraq. 18. “Treaty Obligations of Egypt and Iraq in Event of His Majesty’s Government Engaged in War,” December 1, 1938, CAB 21/1046.