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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ‘So, where are you from?’ Glimpsing the history of Ottawa-Gatineau’s Urban Indian Communities by Karyn Pugliese, B.J. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario March 1,2005 © Copyright 2005, Karyn Pugliese Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n’y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ■♦i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Department of History recommends to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research acceptance of the thesis ’So, where are you from?' Glimpsing the history of Ottawa-Gatineau's Urban Indian Communities submitted by Karyn S. Pugliese, B.J. (Hons) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts John H. Taylor, Thesis Supervisor E. Peter Fitzgerald, Chair Department of History Carleton University 19 May 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract Literature studying urban Indians before 1970 concentrated on developing theories about acculturation and economic integration. As better data became available, statistical studies appeared. The texts rarely included a historical understanding of the people they studied. In the period, 1800 to 1972, at least three urban Indian communities associated themselves with Ottawa and Gatineau. The communities overlapped, but each had a separate history. They originated for different reasons; organized themselves to suit specific interests; and each had a distinct reason to associate with the cities. Ottawa’s status as capital city often played an important role. The communities are complex, because Indians are a multi-national group, and the communities had an itinerant quality, meaning their community history unfolded both inside and outside city borders. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements First, the author needs to thank her son Zackery Liberty who learned the economic theory of opportunity cost while the author studied history. Hey Zac, Mommy has finally finished grade 22! Thanks also to Zac’s dad, Michael Liberty, for helping me balance my schedule. Greg Taylor, thank you for patiently reading each chapter, encouraging me, feeding me, and for brewing a thousand cups of coffee. Dan David (who will always be a better writer than me) and Jennifer Sinclair (who paddles straighter than me) thanks for your ears, kind encouragement, thoughts and advice. Rita Deverell, thanks for letting me schedule my time at APTN in away that let me finish this project. I also owe special thanks to Joan White, Graduate Secretary and problem-solving wizard, who is an expert at helping students through the tangles of administration and technicalities. Ken Stunnel and Laurie Stewart at the Alternative High School Program, thank you for coaxing me back into high school. Thanks to my mom, my aunt Doris and all the other folks who contributed their time and stories to this project. With any luck, it brings back memories. Thank you also to my father who passed into the spirit world, for teaching me to finish what I started. Many special thanks go to Professors Kerry Abel and John Taylor, two of the smartest people I’ve ever met. Professor Abel for encouraging me to try out the topic, even when the research looked difficult and the results appeared uncertain. You were steady in rough waters. Thank you to Professor Taylor for supervising the writing, and helping me shape the results. I promise never to use the words willy-nilly in a thesis again. I learned that it takes a village to write a thesis, all of you were mine. Any mistakes are my own. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Page Abstract Acknowledgements hi Table of Contents IV List of Tables v List of Plates VI Introduction Chapter 1: Glimpsing a Community of Nations, 1600-1840. 20 Chapter 2: Ottawa-Gatineau’s Itinerant Indians: Hunters, Shantymen and ‘La reserve de 68 Hull’ Chapter 3: Their ‘pertinacity is perfectly amazing’: The Making of Ottawa’s Indian Crown 94 Community Chapter 4: Leaving home, Glimpsing Urban Indian migration in Canada, 1900 to 1970 177 Chapter 5: ‘So, where are you from?’ Ottawa’s Indian town’ communities 1903-1972 218 Conclusion 278 Bibliography 283 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Tables Page 1 Percentage of income earned in various industries by Indians on reserve 180 II Lumber Camp romance 181 III Details of income earned in various industries by Indians on reserve 182 IV Income earned from farming 187 V A Profile: Ozawadj Uwesi 193 VI School Enrolment 195 VII Loans by Province Veterans relocating off-reserve 201 VIII Enrolment Figures 210 IX A Profile: Harvey Williams 211 X Shattered Dreams 212 XI Indian living in towns and cities 214 XII Early Indian Clubs and Friendship Centres 217 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Plates Page 1 My Urban Indian family 1 2 My Mother 1 3 Indians and Squaws of Lower Canada, 1848 20 4 Detailed Map of the Ottawa River 21 5 Location of the Algonquin groups and a few neigbouring nations at the 24 beginning of the 17th Century. 6 Indian Village Lake of Two Mountains, 1840 34 7 Location of Mohawk reserves 40 8 Great Lakes Metis Settlements, 1763-1830 60 9 Indian Camp at Falls, Quebec, 68 10 A view of the Mill and the Tavern of Philemon Wright, 1823 69 11 Map of the Ottawa River as it flowed through Bytown. 74 12 Timber Raft on the Ottawa River-1899 1 Ottawa, Ont. (vicinity) 77 13 Indian leaders attend Conference in Ottawa 166 14 National Indian Advisory Board 173 15 Mohawk Construction Workers, early 1900s. 183 16 Stony Indians load wood at Morley Station, 1901 183 17 Miss Irene Hoff 224 18 The Bernard Sisters, 1975 227 19 Upgrading course 234 20 Sidney Snow trains as a doctor at Ottawa University, 1962 236 21 Indian civil servants 243 22 Ladies Broomball 256 23 Bowling 257 24 Cree Friends 258 25 High school students at orientation course 258 26 NIB staff: 263 27 Jean Goodwill at the Odawa Powwow 272 Vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Introduction The idea was simple enough: to search back in time and trace Indian connections to the cities of Ottawa-Gatineau,* the relationship between Indians in the cities, and finally to describe the results. The topic sprung from personal interest. My grandfather was an 1. My urban Indian family.