T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI ANKARA, 2019 T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr. Çınar ÖZEN ANKARA, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ i ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv FIGURES ................................................................................................................... vi PHOTOS ................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE UGANDA’S JOURNEY TO AUTONOMY AND CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM I. A COLONIAL BACKGROUND OF UGANDA ............................................... 23 A. Colonial-Background of Uganda ...................................................................... 23 B. British Colonial Interests .................................................................................. 32 a. British Economic Interests .......................................................................... 32 b. Exploration Expeditions .............................................................................. 36 c. Missionary Activities .................................................................................. 38 C. Colonial Methods .............................................................................................. 42 II. PIONEER ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES ................................. 45 A. The Foundations for Independence .................................................................. 45 B. Pioneer Ugandan Political Parties .................................................................... 51 a. UPC and Kabaka Yyeka Coalition Victory at Independence...................... 51 b. Post-Independence Presidential Initiatives. ................................................ 54 III. CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF UGANDA .............................................. 60 A. Pioneer Ugandan Constitution .......................................................................... 60 B. 1995 Constitutional Amendment Process ......................................................... 66 CHAPTER TWO FOREIGN-POLICY DECISION MAKING PROCESS I. INTERNAL-FACTORS THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED BY A PRESIDENT IN THE FORMULATION OF FOREIGN POLICY .............. 72 i A. Economic and Socio-Political Factors .............................................................. 72 B. A Corelation Between Foreign Policy and The Presidents Background .......... 81 a. A Military Background ............................................................................... 81 b. An Education Background. ......................................................................... 84 c. A Cultural/Religious Background. .............................................................. 89 C. The Executive and Foreign Policy Formulation ............................................... 92 II. EXTERNAL-FACTORS THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED BY A PRESIDENT IN THE FORMULATION OF FOREIGN POLICY .............. 96 A. Global Corporations ......................................................................................... 96 B. International Security-Threats ........................................................................ 103 C. Global Law Commitments .............................................................................. 106 D. Dynamics of Globalization ............................................................................. 109 E. Regional Integration ........................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER THREE FOREIGN-POLICY DECISIONS UNDERTAKEN BY PRESIDENTS; OBOTE, AMIN AND MUSEVENI I. H.E. PRIME MINISTER APOLLO MILTON OBOTE ................................ 117 A. Profile of the President ................................................................................... 117 B. Pan-Africanism. .............................................................................................. 122 C. Non Alignment Ideology ................................................................................ 133 D. Socialism (Regime Preservation) ................................................................... 137 II. H.E. PRESIDENT MAJOR GENERAL IDDI AMIN DADA ...................... 142 A. Profile of the President ................................................................................... 142 B. International-Affiliations ................................................................................ 148 C. Regional Foreign-Policy ................................................................................. 151 III. H.E. PRESIDENT YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI .............................. 153 A. Profile of the President ................................................................................... 153 B. Pan-African Sentiments: The Internal Conflict in Sudan ............................... 158 C. Regional Peace-Building: The Internal Conflict in DRC ............................... 165 D. Regime-Survival Tactics: The Internal Conflict in Somalia .......................... 169 E. International Commitments: The LRA case and The ICC .............................. 172 ii IV CONTINUITY IN UGANDAN FOREIGN POLICY ................................... 176 A. Pan-Africanism .............................................................................................. 176 B. British Relations ............................................................................................. 181 C. Israel Relations ............................................................................................... 185 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 209 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 235 ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... 236 iii ABBREVIATIONS ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AU African Union CMS Church Missionary Society DP Democratic Party EAC East African Community EIDHR European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights EU European Union FDC Forum for Democratic Change H.E. His Excellency IBEA Imperial British East African Company ICC International Criminal Court ICC International Criminal Court ICJ International Court Of Justice IGAD Inter governmental Authority on Development. IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Desertification IMF International Monetary Fund KY Kabaka Yyeka LRA Lord’s Resistance Army NAM Non-Alignment Movement NRA National Resistance Army NRM National Resistance Movement OAU Organisation of African Unity OIC Organisation of Islamic Cooperation SADC South African Development Community UN United Nations iv UPC Uganda People’s Congress UPDF Uganda National People’s Forces USA United States of America W.B. World Bank v FIGURES FIGURE 1. Map of Uganda Showing Pre-Colonial Kingdoms and Chiefdoms .............................................................................................................. 202 FIGURE 2 Map of Uganda Showing Ethnic Groups and Tribes ..................... 203 FIGURE 3 Map of Uganda Showing Regions .................................................... 204 FIGURE 4 Map of East Africa ............................................................................ 205 vi PHOTOS PHOTO 1. Apollo Milton Obote (Ugandan Prime Minister 1962-1966, President 1966-1971, President 1981-1985) ........................................................ 206 PHOTO 2. Idi Amin Dada (Ugandan President 1971-1979) ............................. 207 PHOTO 3. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (Ugandan President 1986 to date) ........ 208 vii INTRODUCTION A lot of materials in the field of international relations accord the formulation and implementation process of foreign policy of any given country to a variety of factors. These factors that are commonly categorized in two groups: internal and external which continually shape the foreign policy of nation. In addition, the president alongside other policy making organs like the legislature work together to determine the most efficient foreign policy decisions. The case of Uganda in regard to foreign policy decision making is unique given the fact that the president dominates in the field of foreign policy. Foreign policy is a matter that is entirely addressed by the Ugandan president despite the fact that the president is merely among the various determinants of foreign policy. The foreign policy trend of Uganda since independence suggests that the successive Ugandan presidents since independence have since taken all matters foreign into their hands. The dilemma however is; in reality the Ugandan presidents have to consider both domestic and external factors as they decide on foreign matters