Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Alnus - alders A. rubra A. rhombifolia A. incana ssp. tenuifolia Alnus - alders Nitrogen fixation - symbiotic with the nitrogen fixing bacteria Frankia Alnus rubra - red alder Alnus rhombifolia - white alder Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia - thinleaf alder Corylus cornuta - beaked hazel Carpinus caroliniana - American hornbeam Ostrya virginiana - eastern hophornbeam Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Fagaceae - 9 genera/900 species.! Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region ! Leaves simple, alternate; often lobed, entire or serrate, deciduous or evergreen. ! Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious;! !Tepals usually 6, reduced.! !Male flowers in dangling catkins;! ! Stamens 4-numerous, subtended by a bract;! !Females flowers in groups of 1-3;! !Carpels 3(-12), connate; surrounded by an scaly or spiny cupule of !many overlapping bracts! Fruit a nut (fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick bony wall ! !surrounding a single seed), closely associated with a scaly or spiny !cupule - involucre! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious;! !Tepals usually 6, reduced.! !Male flowersFagaceae in dangling (Beech catkins or ;Oak! family) ! Fagus grandifolia! Quercus sp.! Flowers are unisexual,Fagus males grandifolia flowers! are in a dangling ! catkin (Inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated ! Quercus sp.!massFlowers of inconspicuous, are unisexual, males usually flowers wind-pollinated are in a dangling flowers) ! ! catkin (Inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated ! mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers)! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Castanea sativa; ! staminate inflorescences! Tepals usually 6, reduced and ! inconspicuous; Stamens 4-numerous! Quercus sp.; ! Staminate (male) flower! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Carpellate ! inflorescence! Carpellate ! inflorescence! Quercus sp.; ! Note that both staminate and carpellate ! (female) inflorescence are on the same ! individual; plants are monoecious.! Castanea mollissima; ! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Quercus sp.; ! Carpellate flowers usually in group of ! 1-3 and associated with a scaly cupule ! (involucre).! Carpels 3-12, connate.! Involucre: cup-shaped structure, such as ! the scaly to spiny “cup” associated with ! the nut of members of Fagaceae.! Quercus palustris; ! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Fruit a nut (fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick bony wall ! !surrounding a single seed), closely associated with a scaly or spiny !cupule - involucre! Quercus virginiana; ! Fruit a nut, closely associated with a ! spiny to scaly involucre.! Quercus sp.; ! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Fagus sylvatica ! Castanea pumila ! Fagus grandifolia! Inflorescence fruit/involucre Quercus oak Fagus beech Castanea chestnut Quercus Quercus leaves fruit/involucre section Quercus section Lobatae Quercus alba - northern white oak Quercus garryana - oregon white oak Quercus rubra - northern red oak Quercus kelloggii - California black oak Fagus grandifolia - American beech Fagus sylvatica - European beech Castanea dentata - American chestnut.