Sustainable Aviation Fuels Internship Project for DMT Environmental Technology Stamatis Diakakis EES-2019-390 Master Programme Energy and Environmental Sciences, University of Groningen 1 Internship project report of Stamatis Diakakis Report: EES-2019-390 Supervised by: Gideon Laugs (ESRIG) Benny Bakker (DMT) University of Groningen Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, ESRIG Nijenborgh 6 9747 AG Groningen T: 050 - 363 4760 W: www.rug.nl/research/esrig 2 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Popular Jet fuels ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Host Organization ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Problem statement and research objectives ........................................................................ 10 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 10 2 SAF pathways ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Regulatory for SAF ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Overview of SAF production technologies-pathways ........................................................... 11 2.2.1 Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) ................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) ........................................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon (DSHC) ............................................................................ 12 2.2.4 Hydrotreated Depolymerize Cellulosic Jet (HDCJ) ........................................................ 13 2.2.5 Co – processing ............................................................................................................. 13 2.2.6 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) .................................................................................... 13 2.2.7 DME ............................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 House of Quality ................................................................................................................... 15 3 Technical Design & Analysis .......................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Technology feasibility ........................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Fischer-Tropsch technology feasibility .......................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Fischer Tropsch PFD ...................................................................................................... 26 3.1.3 DME technology feasibility ........................................................................................... 28 3.1.4 DME PFD ....................................................................................................................... 30 4 Process Feasibility & Total Capital Investment (TCI) ..................................................................... 32 4.1 Process feasibility – feedstock capacity ................................................................................ 32 4.1.1 FTS from dry or wet biomass (BTLd, BTLw)................................................................... 32 4.1.2 FTS from CO2 and H2 (PTL)............................................................................................. 32 4.1.3 Direct DME synthesis .................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Total Capital Investment (TCI) .............................................................................................. 32 4.2.1 TCI for BTLd ................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.2 TCI for BTLw .................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.3 TCI for PTL (CO2 & H2) .................................................................................................... 34 5 Market Focus & Aspects ............................................................................................................... 34 3 5.1 Economic & geography aspects / .......................................................................................... 35 5.2 Politics – Taxation ................................................................................................................. 36 5.3 Environment.......................................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Commercial Airlines: ............................................................................................................. 37 5.5 Commercial Airports ............................................................................................................. 37 5.6 Aviation Industries: ............................................................................................................... 38 5.7 Oil/Energy Companies........................................................................................................... 38 5.8 Army / Navy / Air Force......................................................................................................... 39 6 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 39 7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 41 8 References .................................................................................................................................... 43 9 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................... 48 Feedstock capacity estimation .......................................................................................................... 48 10 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................ 50 11 Appendix C ................................................................................................................................ 59 Who is involved in buying the technology? ...................................................................................... 59 What are their choice criteria in order to buy the technology? ....................................................... 59 When do they buy/use the product? ................................................................................................ 59 Why do they buy/use the product? .................................................................................................. 59 Where do they buy? ......................................................................................................................... 59 How do they use the product? ......................................................................................................... 60 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Kerosene consumption forecasts (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ....................................................... 8 Figure 2: HEFA PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 3: ATJ PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ............................................................................................. 12 Figure 4: DSHC PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ......................................................................................... 13 Figure 5: HDCJ PFD, through pyrolysis (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ............................................................ 13 Figure 6: BTL via gasification PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) .................................................................... 14 Figure 7: BTL via anaerobic digestion PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ...................................................... 14 Figure 8: PTL PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 9: GTL PFD (Kaltschmitt M. , 2018) ............................................................................................ 15 Figure 10: Final Scores of HoQ .............................................................................................................. 18 Figure 11: Fixed-bed and Slurry-bubble reactors (Speight, 2011) .......................................................