Post-Ottoman Coexistence Space and Place Bodily, geographic, and architectural sites are embedded with cultural knowledge and social value. Th e Anthropology of Space and Place series provides ethnographically rich analyses of the cultural organization and meanings of these sites of space, architecture, landscape, and places of the body. Contributions to this series examine the symbolic meanings of space and place, the cultural and historical processes involved in their construction and contestation, and how they are in dialogue with wider political, religious, social, and economic institutions. Volume 1 Volume 10 Berlin, Alexanderplatz: Transforming Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Place in a Unifi ed Germany Popular Memory and Trans-local Gisa Weszkalnys Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities Volume 2 Hariz Halilovich Cultural Diversity in Russian Cities: Th e Urban Landscape in the post-Soviet Era Volume 11 Edited by Cordula Gdaniec Narrating Victimhood: Gender, Religion and the Making of Place in Post-War Volume 3 Croatia Settling for Less: Th e Planned Resettlement Michaela Schäuble of Israel’s Negev Bedouin Steven C. Dinero Volume 12 Power and Architecture: Th e Construction Volume 4 of Capitals and the Politics of Space Contested Mediterranean Spaces: Edited by Michael Minkenberg Ethnographic Essays in Honour of Charles Tilly Volume 13 Maria Kousis, Tom Selwyn, and David Clark Bloom and Bust: Urban Landscapes in the East since German Reunifi cation Volume 5 Edited by Gwyneth Cliver and Ernst L. Freud, Architect: Th e Case of Carrie Smith-Prei the Modern Bourgeois Home Volker M. Welter Volume 14 Urban Violence in the Middle East: Volume 6 Changing Cityscapes in the Extreme Heritage Management: Transformation from Empire to Th e Practices and Policies of Densely Nation State Populated Islands Edited by Ulrike Freitag, Nelida Fuccaro, Edited by Godfrey Baldacchino Claudia Ghrawi and Nora Lafi Volume 7 Volume 15 Images of Power and the Power of Images: Narrating the City: Histories, Space, and Control, Ownership, and Public Space the Everyday Edited by Judith Kapferer Edited by Wladimir Fischer-Nebmaier, Volume 8 Matthew P. Berg, and Anastasia Christou Performing Place, Practising Memories: Volume 16 Aboriginal Australians, Hippies and the Post-Ottoman Coexistence: Sharing Space State in the Shadow of Confl ict Rosita Henry Edited by Rebecca Bryant Volume 9 Post-Cosmopolitan Cities: Explorations of Urban Coexistence Edited by Caroline Humphrey and Vera Skvirskaja Post-Ottoman Coexistence Sharing Space in the Shadow of Confl ict [• •] Edited by Rebecca Bryant berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com First published in 2016 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com ©2016 Rebecca Bryant All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bryant, Rebecca (Professor of anthropology) editor. Title: Post-Ottoman coexistence : sharing space in the shadow of conflict / edited by Rebecca Bryant. Description: New York : Berghahn Books, 2016. | Series: Space and place ; 16 Identifiers: LCCN 2015036431| ISBN 9781785331244 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781785331251 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Turkey—Social conditions—20th century. | Turkey—Social conditions—21st century. | Middle East—Social conditions—20th century. | Middle East—Social conditions—21st century. Classification: LCC HN656.5.A8 P67 2016 | DDC 306.09561—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015036431 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. The terms of the licence can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact Berghahn Books. ISBN: 978-1-78533-124-4 (hardback) ISBN: 978-1-78533-125-1 (ebook) ISBN: 978-1-78533-375-0 (open access ebook) Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction. Everyday Coexistence in the Post-Ottoman Space 1 Rebecca Bryant Part I. Landscapes of Coexistence and Conflict Chapter 1. Sharing Traditions of Land Use and Ownership: Considering the “Ground” for Coexistence and Conflict in Pre-modern Cyprus 41 Irene Dietzel Chapter 2. Intersecting Religioscapes in Post-Ottoman Spaces: Trajectories of Change, Competition, and Sharing of Religious Spaces 59 Robert M. Hayden Chapter 3. Cosmopolitanism or Constitutive Violence? The Creation of “Turkish” Iraklio 86 Aris Anagnostopoulos Chapter 4. Trade and Exchange in Nicosia’s Shared Realm: Ermou Street in the 1940s and 1950s 107 Anita Bakshi Part II. Performing Coexistence and Difference Chapter 5. In Bed Together: Coexistence in Togo Mizrahi’s Alexandria Films 129 Deborah A. Starr Chapter 6. Memory, Conviviality, and Coexistence: Negotiating Class Differences in Burgazadası, Istanbul 157 Deniz Neriman Duru Chapter 7. “If You Write This Tačno, It Will Be Točno!”: Language Ideologies and Linguistic Practices in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina* 180 Azra Hromadžić *This chapter is not available in the open access edition due to rights restrictions. It is accessible in the print and retail e-book editions, spanning pages 180–204. vi Contents Part III. Negotiating Everyday Coexistence in the Shadow of Confl ict Chapter 8. Th e Istanbul Armenians: Negotiating Coexistence 207 Sossie Kasbarian Chapter 9. A Confl ict of Spaces or of Recognition? Co-presence in Divided Jerusalem 238 Sylvaine Bulle Chapter 10. Grounds for Sharing—Occasions for Confl ict: An Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Cohabitation and Antagonism 258 Glenn Bowman Index 276 Illustrations Figure 2.1. Minaret on the fourteenth century St. Nicholas Church in Famagusta, Cyprus, converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in the sixteenth century. Aya Sofya mosque until 1954, then renamed Lala Mustafa Paşa Mosque (photo by Robert M. Hayden, October 2011). 64 Figure 2.2. St. Nicholas Church, Chania, Crete. Venetian fourteenth century Catholic church, converted into a mosque by Ottomans in 1645, then into a Greek Orthodox church in 1918. Note truncated minaret (photo by Robert M. Hayden, May 2015). 65 Figure 4.1. “View Near St. Sophia - Late 1950s.” Th e main municipal market Pantapolio/Bandabulya appears in the background. Photograph from Th e Press and Information Offi ce Archive, 20C.151 (27), Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Cyprus. 117 Figure 4.2. A portion of the map created through discussions and mapping sessions with the shopkeepers. Köprü Başı / Stavro Pazaro was a major landmark in the city and many shopkeepers were able to recall shops that once were located in this part of the city. 117 Figure 5.1. Chalom and cAbdu wake up together in bed. Screenshot, Mistreated by Affl uence (1937). 130 Figure 5.2. Hilmy disguised as “Dr. Hilmy.” Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 137 Figure 5.3. Hilmy disguised as “Mustafa,” with Nona. Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 137 Figure 5.4. cAli climbs over Farahat to answer the telephone. Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 139 Figure 5.5. Farahat and Umm Ahmad in bed. Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 139 Figure 5.6. Nona and Tahiya in bed. Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 140 viii List of Illustrations Figure 5.7. Tahiya watches Nona undress. Screenshot, Doctor Farahat (1935). 142 Figure 5.8. Chalom and cAbdu kiss. Screenshot, Mistreated by Affl uence (1937). 148 Figure 5.9. Driver watches Chalom and cAbdu kiss. Screenshot, Mistreated by Affl uence (1937). 149 Figure 7.1. Mostar Gymnasium (photo by Azra Hromadžić, June 2012). 187 Figure 9.1. Confrontation in Jerusalem: Mt. of Olives and East Jerusalem (photo by Sylvaine Bulle). 239 Figure 9.2. East Jerusalem (photo by Sylvaine Bulle). 253 Acknowledgments Several of the papers gathered here were originally presented at the conference “Shared Spaces and their Dissolution: Practices of Coexis- tence in the Post-Ottoman Sphere,” organized by the Peace Research Institute Oslo’s Cyprus Centre, the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research, and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, with funding from the Chrest Foundation, the National Bank of Greece, and the London School of Economics Research on Southeast Europe Programme. We are grateful to these funders, as well as to the PRIO Cyprus Centre for its generous support of the book project. Some portions of Azra Hromadžić’s chapter appeared in her mono- graph, Citizens of an Empty Nation: Youth and State-Making in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. We are thankful to the University of Pennsyl- vania Press for permission to publish a revised ve rsion of this chapter. Introduction Everyday Coexistence in the Post-Ottoman Space REBECCA BRYANT In 1974 they started tormenting us, for instance we’d pick our apples and they’d come and take them right out of our hands. Because we had property we held on as long as we could, we didn’t want to leave, but fi nally we were afraid of being killed and had to fl ee. … We weren’t able to live there, all night we would stand by the windows waiting to see if they were going to kill us. … When we went to visit [in 2003, after the check- points dividing the island opened], they met us with drums as though nothing had happened. In any case the older elderly people were good, we used to get along with them. We would eat and drink together. —Turkish Cypriot, aged 89, twice displaced from a mixed village in Limassol district, Cyprus In a sophisticated portrayal of the confl ict in Cyprus in the 1960s, Turkish Cypriot director Derviş Zaim’s feature fi lm Shadows and Faces (Zaim 2010) shows the degeneration of relations in one mixed village into intercommunal violence.