Title Personal Relationships in Howards End Author(s) Kawaguchi, Yoshihisa Citation Osaka Literary Review. 16 P.59-P.72 Issue Date 1977-11-20 Text Version publisher URL https://doi.org/10.18910/25653 DOI 10.18910/25653 rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University Personal Relationships in Howards End Yoshihisa Kawaguchi Temperamentally,I am an individualist. Professionally,I am a writer, and my books emphasize the importanceof personalrelationships and the private life, for I believein them.') —E.M. Forster The novels of Forster are essentiallyconcerned with personal relationships.Among the six novels,the firstfour publishedfrom 1905 to 1910can be regardedas one group. In Howards End the three earlier novels are, as it were, included:what they had to say is summarizedand developed?) The purposeof the presentessay is to study personalrelationships in HowardsEnd. Howards End, together with A Passage to India, is regardedas Forster'smasterpiece by manycritics. The subjectmatter of Howards End is alreadydealt with in the three precedingnovels. But in them he does not discuss it convicinglynor does he expressadequately his thought upon personal relationships.In Trilling's words, "... Forster... has not fully done his job as a novelist:he represents the truth but he does not show the difficultiesthe truth must meet.") In Where Angels Fear to Tread and A Room with a View he portrayedthe clash of the oppositebut his attitude is optimisticand he does not treat it with a will. In The LongestJourney Rickie made an unconsciouseffort to connect and died a tragic death. These three novelsare more or less concernedwith the dual theme —salvationof a heroand the clash of the opposite—andwhat is more important,the emphasisof a bookas a whole is laid upon salvation 60 Personal Relationships in Howards End rather than reconciliation of the opposite. Besides, the world of them is rather private and comparatively small. Howards End is different from the first three novels in some points. In the first place it is the least autobiographical. As for the technique, it is most symbolical, and at the same time "... it is Forster's first major experiment with the technique of 'rhythm.' "4) Last but not least is that it is a novel whose scale and scope are evidently greater than those of the earlier novels and that it treats of personal relationships most seriously. Forster is, as he himself declares,5) an individualist, and "he is interested passionately in human beings; not only in the idea of them... but in their actual living selves."6) So it is quite natural that he should take account of the social background when he deals with personal relationships in good earnest. "With Howards End," writes Wilfred Stone, "Forster broadened his subject from a private to a public world, confronting for the first time not just personal or domestic antagonist, but representatives of England's social, political, and economical power." The part England plays is very small in the Italian novels. It grows larger in The Longest Journey and becomes largest in Howards End. The view is right that "Howards End is a novel about England's fate." and that "it asks the question, `Who shall inherit England ?"8) In fact Howards End , a red brick building, stands for England, and the novel has a national scale which the three novels have not. The novels from Where Angels Fear to Tread to Howards End appeared during the Edwardian period: "that is, before the arrival of wireless, television or aviation, in the robust and threatening infancy of the motor-car.... "9) Of the novels of Forster, Howards End is most Edwardian in that it reflects most vividly the social changes which were occurring in the period.") For instance, "the throbbing, stinking car" stands as the supreme symbol of the detested "new civilization ."") We cannot find here the English countryside he celebrated in The Longest Journey. What we find here instead is Yoshihisa Kawaguchi 61 London, a symbol of "nomadic civilization which is altering human nature so profoundly, and throws upon personal relations a stress greater than they have ever borne before."12) Forster reluctantly admits that it is London, not the earth, that is dominating. To speak against London is no longer fashionable. The earth as an artistic cult has had its day, and the literature of the near future will probably ignore the country and seek inspiration from the town.'3) The world of Forster is, on the whole, that of the English middle class in which he was brought up. Howards End is most charac- teristic of Forster in the sense that it depicts the world of the middle class. It should be noted that there are differences and conflicts within the single class. "In Howards End the lower middle, the middle, the upper middle classes of English society are so built up into a complete fabric."") The lower middle class is represented by Leonard Bast, the middle by the Schlegels, and the upper by the Wilcoxes. Forster has nothing to do with • the aristocracy and in particular with the very poor. This he declares at the beginning of Chapter 6: "We are not concerned with the very poor. They are unthinkable, and only approached by the statistician or the poet. This story deals with gentle folk, or with those who are obliged to pretend that they are gentlefolk."15' As the epigram "Only connect... " explicitly shows, Forster attempts in Howards End to connect—which is by no means easy—most seriously and consciously. That is why the novel, unlike the earlier ones, is almost exclusively concerned with reconciliation of the opposite. Indeed there are connections in the three novels. But they are neither serious nor intentional in the strict sense of the words. Rex Warner rightly says about the connection in Howards End: "The efforts to 'connect' are various and usually unsuccesful . But here the efforts seem to have a general urgency and seriousness that make them different from their counterparts in the earlier books."16) 62 Personal Relationships in Howards End Any reader of Forster would admit that he has two contradictory aspects. He is, on the one hand, intelligent and reasonable, and is in a cultured liberal tradition.") On the other, he is passionate, irrational, and aspires after the mysterious. The former we may call "prose ," and it is represented by Margaret Schlegel. The latter is, as it were, "passion," and is stood for by Helen Schlegel. The way of their love-making shows the difference clearly. Margaret's way is "prose"—"a very good kind of prose, but well considered, well thought out" while Helen's is "romance."18) It is the very conflict between these two aspects that has been afflicting Forster. In the earlier novels he vacillates between them. So the epigram—"Only connect the prose and passion.... "19) is primarily an order on the part of Forster that he should connect the two conflicting elements within himself. In Howards End the clash is between the Schlegels and the Wilcoxes, namely, women and men, the spiritual and the practical, the inner life and the outer life, those who believe in the unseen and personal relationships and those who do not. It is worthy of note that "Wilcoxes' and `Schlegels' are presented with as exact a balance of sympathy as is possible.... "20) This is partly because of Forster's view of good-and-evil and partly because of his serious attempt to connect. In Howards End there are two personal connections essential to the novel. One is the marriage of Margaret to Henry, and the other is Helen's union with Leonard. Henry is not a mere individual but a man representative of the Wilcoxes and the English upper middle class both in a good sense and in a bad one. "He is... weak beneath the manliness, pathetic beneath the success, obtuse in all that concerned people and feelings."21) He does not believe in personal relationships and so cannot have true personal relationships. In Helen's word, he is one of those who never say "I." Like Cecil Vyse, the Middle Ages is his only moral teacher. He will not take the responsibility for his wrong advice which throws Leonard out of Yoshihisa Kawaguchi 63 employment, saying that "... It's part of the battle of life."22) Nor does he feel a sincere remorse for having had a mistress. For him Howards End is nothing but a mere building. Margaret knows quite well all these faults of Henry. And yet she marries him because she fully recognizes his virtures also. It is this effort to connect on the part of Margaret that makes Howards End a novel different from the earlier ones. Perhaps K. W. Gransden means this attitude of Margaret by saying that "the author's moral attitudes, while not changed, are modified.... "23) The success of Howards End owes much to the characterization of Margaret. She is a character of supreme importance because she expresses the author's central thought. "Forster takes her side throughout the book ; he himself never criticises her ; he speaks through her, more clearly perhaps than through any one of his other characters 29) Unlike idealistic Helen she recognizes not only the defects of the Wilcoxes but the significance of them. She realizes that she and Helen receive the benefits of the Wilcoxes and that without them the spiritual life they so value is impossible. They Cthe Wilcoxes) led a life she could not attain to—the outer life of "telegrams and anger".... To Margaret this life was to remain a real force.