State of the Coast Report: Towards Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya. Item Type Report Publisher National Environment Management Authority Download date 07/10/2021 11:04:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7215 Towards Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya State of the Coast Report Towards Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya © 2009 National Environment Management Authority Published in 2009 by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya This publication may be reproduced in whole or part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. NEMA would appreciate a copy of any publication that uses this material, or part thereof, as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever, without prior permission in writing from NEMA. Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of NEMA, NEPAD, ReCoMaP or UNEP. The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views expressed by the author(s) acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The Nairobi Convention Secretariat/Regional Seas Programme does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. For bibliographic purpose, this document should be cited as follows: Government of Kenya (2009) State of the Coast Report: Towards Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Resources in Kenya. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Nairobi. 88 pp. Participating institutions Lead institution: National Environment Management Authority Main Sponsor: United Nations Environment Program UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat Co-sponsors • National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) • New Partnership for Africa’s Development—Coastal and Marine (NEPAD-COSMAR) • Regional Programme for the Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zone of the Countries of the Indian Ocean (ReCoMaP) Institutions and sources of information • National Environment Management Authority, P. O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya • Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), P. O. Box 81651-80100 Mombasa, Kenya • Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean programme (CORDIO) East Africa, 9 Kibaki Flats, Kenyatta Public Beach, P.O. Box 10135-80101 Mombasa, Kenya • Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, P.O. Box 47146-00100, Nairobi, Kenya • New Partnership for Africa’s Development–Coastal Marine Division (NEPAD–COSMAR) Secretariat, P. O. Box 46270-00100, Nairobi, Kenya • Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 86797, Mombasa, Kenya • University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Manuscript/Production Editor: Daisy Ouya, MS, ELS Design and layout: Irene A. Ogendo and Daisy Ouya Cover photo of traditional fishing boats in Pate Island, Kenya: Jacob Ochiewo, KMFRI. For further information please contact The Director General National Environment Management Authority Popo Road, off Mombasa Road, P. O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 (20) 605522/2101370; Fax: +254 (20) 608997; Mobile: +254 (0)7350102 7 or +254 (0)724253398; E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.nema.go.ke Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... ix Background to the publication .................................................................................................................................... xi Acronyms and abbreviations .....................................................................................................................................xii 1. The Coastal Environment of Kenya 1.1 Biophysical setting .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Climate ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Geology and geomorphology ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Drainage and hydrology ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.5 Oceanography ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Ecosystem connectivity and human wellbeing .................................................................................. 6 2. Coastal Ecosystems 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Coastal terrestrial habitats ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Coastal Forests ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Sandy beaches and sand dunes ........................................................................................... 8 2.3 Mangrove forests and coastal wetlands ............................................................................................... 9 2.4 Seagrass beds ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Sediment- and soft-bottom habitats .................................................................................................. 10 2.6 Rocky shores, hard-bottom habitats and coral reefs ........................................................................ 10 2.7 Coastal pelagic habitats ........................................................................................................................ 12 3. Coastal and Marine Species of Special Concern, and Flagship Species 3.1 Marine mammals ................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 Dolphins ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.2 Whales ................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Dugong .................................................................................................................................. 14 3.1.4 Research, monitoring and conservation efforts............................................................... 15 3.2 Sea turtles ............................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Species composition ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2.2 Research, monitoring and conservation efforts............................................................... 16 3.3 Shoreline birds ....................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.1 Research, monitoring and conservation efforts............................................................... 18 3.4 Other coastal and marine threatened and/or flagship species ...................................................... 18 3.4.1 Angola black-and-white colobus ....................................................................................... 19 3.4.2 Tana mangabey .................................................................................................................... 19 4. Coastal Communities 4.1 Population .............................................................................................................................................. 21 4.1.1 Population size and distribution ...................................................................................... 21 4.1.2 Population growth rate ...................................................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Ethnic and cultural diversity ............................................................................................. 22 4.1.4 Migration trends ................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.5 Population impacts on the environment .......................................................................... 23 4.2