2014 On the cover: Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in Randolph County, Alabama. The image was modified from a photograph taken by David Stephens. This photograph was provided by Forestry Images (www.forestryimages.org). Edited by: R.C. Venette Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN The authors gratefully acknowledge partial funding provided by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Contributing authors E.M. Albrecht, E.E. Davis, and A.J. Walter are with the Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Table of Contents Draft Log ........................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 ARTHROPODS: BEETLES .................................................................................. 6 Chlorophorus strobilicola ............................................................................... 7 Dendroctonus micans ................................................................................... 14 Hylobius abietis ............................................................................................. 26 Ips subelongatus ........................................................................................... 41 Monochamus alternatus ................................................................................ 50 Monochamus saltuarius ................................................................................ 62 Monochamus sutor ........................................................................................ 71 Orthotomicus erosus ..................................................................................... 79 Tetropium fuscum .......................................................................................... 91 Tomicus destruens ...................................................................................... 101 ARTHROPODS: MOTHS ................................................................................. 113 Dendrolimus pini .......................................................................................... 114 Dendrolimus punctatus ............................................................................... 124 Dendrolimus sibiricus ................................................................................. 133 Dendrolimus superans ................................................................................ 134 Lymantria mathura ....................................................................................... 135 Panolis flammea ........................................................................................... 140 ARTHROPODS: SAWFLIES ............................................................................ 150 Diprion pini ................................................................................................... 151 FUNGI ............................................................................................................... 162 Cronartium flaccidum .................................................................................. 163 Leptographium truncatum .......................................................................... 178 Mycosphaerella gibsonii ............................................................................. 190 Phellinus noxius .......................................................................................... 199 PHYTOPLASMAS ............................................................................................ 212 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ ................................................................... 213 1 Draft Log July 2010: 1) Addition of CAPS-Approved Method for Survey and Key Diagnostics for all pests from the CAPS Approved Methods table (Appendix M in CAPS National Survey Guidelines). 2) Updated information in “Reason for Inclusion” and “Easily Confused Pests” sections from information listed in Appendix M. 3) Addition of Mycosphaerella gibsonii (Needle blight of pine), a pest on the FY2011 AHP Prioritized Pest List. 4) Addition of most current host/risk maps. February 2011: 1) Addition of Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust), a pest on the FY2011 AHP Prioritized Pest List. March 2012: 1) Addition of datasheets for Dendrolimus punctatus and Panolis flammea. 2) Updated available maps and survey information. 3) Addition of Dendrolimus sibiricus datasheet placeholder. Datasheet is under development. 4) Addition of Diprion pini datasheet placeholder. An attractant is not available at this time for D. pini. 5) Removal of datasheet for Dendrolimus superans. An attractant is not available at this time for Dendrolimus superans. Dendrolimus superans should not be listed as a survey target for 2012 or 2013. 6) 2012 version posted to the CAPS Resource and Collaboration website. October 2012: 1) Removal of datasheet for Hylurgops palliatus. It is present in four states. It has been added to the 2013 Additional Pests of Concern List. 2) Removal of datasheet for Hylurgus ligniperda. In 2012, PPQ and the National Plant Board concurred on deregulating Hylurgus ligniperda. 3) Removal of datasheet for Sirex noctilio. It is present in several states and is no longer a PPQ Program Pest. 4) Removal of datasheet for Urocerus gigas gigas. August 2013: 1) Addition of Diprion pini datasheet. An attractant is now available for D. pini. Diprion pini may be included as a survey target for 2013. 2) Addition of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ datasheet, a pest on the FY2014 AHP Prioritized Pest List. 2010-2013 Revisions by Talitha Molet, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST August, 2016: Removed outdated maps (Dan Mackesy, PPQ-CPHST). 2 Introduction Fig. 1. Total pine trees (Pinus spp.) on forestland based on 2004-2006 surveys (USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis). Pines (Pinus spp.) are remarkably diverse and abundant in the United States. At least 97 species occur in the country. Some are exotic to North America, but most are native. An estimated 54 billion pines occur in the contiguous United States on forestland acres. Pines dominate four forest type groups in the western United States: ponderosa pine, western white pine, lodgepole pine, and piñon pine-juniper. In 2002, these cover types accounted for 8.6%, 0.1%, 5.1%, and 1.0%, respectively, of total forestland area in the West including Alaskan forests (Smith et al. 2004). In the eastern United States, pines dominate four cover types: white-jack-red pine, longleaf-slash pine, loblolly-shortleaf pine, and oak-pine (mixed cover type). In 2002, these cover types accounted for 3.1%, 3.6%, 14.1%, and 8.8%, respectively, of total forestland area in the East (Smith et al. 2004). No Pinus spp. are listed as federally threatened or endangered, but five species (P. banksiana, P. echinata, P. pungens, P. resinosa, and P. virginiana) are considered threatened or endangered in at least one of six states. This document addresses 21 non-native species of insects and fungi that have the potential to adversely affect pines. Most of these species do not occur in the United States. However, at least four of the species are known to be established in pockets of the United States as a result of recent introductions. Established 3 non-native pests continue to present risks to pine forests as they spread into previously unaffected areas. Additionally, new geographic variants of established species may arise and impact pines in ways not previously known. The 21 species addressed in this document were considered a serious threat by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey or the North American Forestry Commission. This list was developed in consultation with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and is not intended to address all exotic pests that may attack pines. In this document, we present biological details that are relevant to the survey and detection of each species. The following information can be found within each subsection: Pest Description - a description of the morphology of the species. For technical accuracy, most descriptions are quoted directly from taxonomic authorities. Biology and Ecology - a summary of the life history of each species in its native range. A particular emphasis is placed on when various life stages may be present and active. Pest Importance - a description of the ecological and economic impact each species may have. Impacts are not always limited to pine. Some pests also may be problematic on other trees, shrubs, or crops. Symptoms - a description of damage the species may cause on a host plant. This description may be useful for surveying pine stands. Known Hosts - a complete listing of plants on which the pest has been reported to feed. Not all host associations have been thoroughly tested. Known Distribution - a list of countries from where the species has been reported. Potential Distribution within the United States - a summary of regions within the United States that may have suitable environmental conditions for the species. Survey - available techniques that have been used to detect the species. This section includes the CAPS-approved method for surveying for the species. Key Diagnostics- available techniques that have been used to identify the species. This section includes the CAPS-approved method for identifying the species. Easily Confused Pests- a listing of other species that might