CRAG Intervention Plan (CIP) Developed by BirdLife International, in collaboration with the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Appalachian State University – USA and stakeholders in the Kivu-Rusizi basins November 2017 Nairobi, Kenya Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 5 Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 6 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 9 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 The CRAG Concept ............................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Why CRAGs? ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 How does the CRAG framework relate to other Landscape and Adaptation Plans? ......... 13 1.2.3 Why the Lake Kivu and Rusizi River Catchment? ............................................................... 14 1.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 15 References ................................................................................................................................. 15 STATE .................................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2: THE KIVU-RUSIZI LANDSCAPE .................................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Geophysical charcteristics ................................................................................................. 16 2.1.2 Geological history .............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Soils ................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.4 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.5 Land and Vegetation Cover ............................................................................................... 22 2.2 Urban settlements and significant infrastructure ................................................................. 25 2.2.1 Urban Settlements ............................................................................................................ 25 2.2.2 Hydropower and Irrigation ................................................................................................ 25 2.2.3 Transportation ................................................................................................................... 26 2. 3 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 28 References ................................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT ..................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Demography ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Socio-economic context ....................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Political Situation .................................................................................................................. 33 3.5 Global and Regional Policy Frameworks for the Environment ............................................. 34 3.5.1 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals...... 34 3.5.2. Biodiversity – Convention on Biological Diversity ............................................................. 35 3.5.3 UNFCCC - Climate Change ................................................................................................. 36 3.5.4 Disaster Risk Reduction – Sendai Framework .................................................................... 39 3.5.4 Regional Agreements ........................................................................................................ 40 1 3.6 National Policies and Legislation Concerning the Environment ........................................... 42 3.6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 42 3.6.2 Burundi .............................................................................................................................. 44 3.6.3 DRC .................................................................................................................................... 45 3.6.4 Rwanda .............................................................................................................................. 46 3.7 Institutional Context ............................................................................................................. 46 3.7.1 Environment-related government agencies ...................................................................... 46 3.7.3 Civil Society ....................................................................................................................... 49 3.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 50 References ................................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 4: BIODIVERSITY IN THE BASIN ...................................................................................... 52 4.1 Diversity and richness of species .......................................................................................... 52 4.2 Aquatic biodiversity .............................................................................................................. 52 4.3 Threatened and endemic species ......................................................................................... 54 4.4 Economically important species ........................................................................................... 55 4.5 KBAs 56 4.6 Protected Areas .................................................................................................................... 57 4.7 Corridors............................................................................................................................... 58 4.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 59 References ................................................................................................................................. 59 BENEFITS............................................................................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER 5: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ............................................................................................ 62 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Biological (pest) control ........................................................................................................ 63 5.3 Pollination ............................................................................................................................ 64 5.4 Watershed services .............................................................................................................. 64 5.5 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................... 67 5.6 Climate regulation and carbon sequestration ...................................................................... 68 5.7 Nature-based tourism and recreation .................................................................................. 68 5.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 6: HIGH-RESOLUTION CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT PREDICTIONS............................. 71 6.1 Model selection and modelling approach ............................................................................ 71 6.2 CESM Environmental Predictions for the Lake Kivu-Rusizi CRAG ......................................... 73 6.2.1 Temperature ....................................................................................................................