People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Larbi Ben M'Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi Faculty of Letters and Languages __________ Department of English International Organizations and Good Governance in the Arab World : The Algerian Experience, 1996-2005 A ‘Memoire’ Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Languages, Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Anglo-American Studies by BELDJOUDI Iymane Board of Examiners: Dr. MAAMERI Fatima , Director Miss. BRAHMI Halima, Member 2013-2014 ABSTRACT In this twenty-first century, the concept of good governance has gained great consideration due to its importance in fighting corruption, ensuring human rights, and achieving sustainable development. This Mémoire discusses the issue of good governance in the Arab World in general and Algeria particularly. It tackles the political situation in the Arab World by stating its nature, discussing issues, and revealing the role of international organizations, namely the United Nations Organization and its many organs. The central point of this Mémoire is the analysis of the Algerian experience as stated through the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) and evaluation of the efforts of the Algerian government to achieve good governance. Key Words: Good governance, international organizations, Arab world, Algeria Résumé Ce travail nous mené a avoir une idée générale sur la partie théorique de la bonne gouvernance en tant que connaissance politique importante beaucoup . D’études ont été réalisée dans ce domaine par des organisations internationales depuis 1989 . dans la partie théorique , l’étude porte sur la très entartions et la définition de la bonne gouvernance ( et son enracinement dans l’Islam). Ce travail nous permet d’étudier le monde Arabe selon ses caractéristiques politiques communes et non communes , en plus de l’ étude des problèmes dont souffre les pays Arabes come : corruption and autoritarianism , a savoir mauvaise politique et le pouvoir centralise . L’étude pose des solutions en consolidant la bonne gouvernance dans le monde arabe a partir des aides que les organisations internationales apporte à ces pays , comme : la Bank mondial et le programme de développement des nations – unis . ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺪه اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻋﻄﺎء ﻧﻈﺮة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻛﻤﻔﮭﻮم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﮭﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺑﺤﺎث و ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ و دوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺪ 1989م . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺮق اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ و اﺳﺒﺎب ظﮭﻮره و ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ و اﺑﻌﺎده و ﻓﻮاﻋﻠﮫ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ دﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻼم . اﻻﺳﻼم ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ﺟﺬورا ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت . ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ و ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ و ھﻲ اﻟﻔﺴﺎد اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ و اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮي . ﺑﻌﺪ دﻟﻚ ﺗﺪرس اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة ﺣﻠﻮل و طﺮق ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اھﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة . ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﻨﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ . ii Dedication I dedicate this memoire to my loving family: my father Ahmed, my mother Malika. My brothers :Amine and Houssam and my sisters: Ikram, Nouha, Nouzha and Abir . To my cousins : Hicham, Hani, Farah, Rayan, Khalil, Islam, Yacine, Oumaima and Ataf. To my friends : Amina, Nora, Dalel, Fatima and Chaima. iii Acknowledgments I thank Allah the almighty who reconciled me to accomplish this mémoire. I owe a special thank for my supervisor Dr.Maameri for her supervision and advices in writing my memoire during a whole year. She was very helpful and kind. And I have benefited from her experience and I have the honor to be her student for three years. Also, I would like to thank my whole family for their help, support and encouragement especially Ikram and Nouha. Finally, I would like to thank all the teachers who have taught me during my five years. iv List of Acronyms AHDr Arab Human Development Report AUO African Union Organisation CNES Conseil National Economique et Social CPI Corruption Perceptions Index FH Freedom House FIW Freedom in the World GII Gender Inequality Index GG Good Governance HDI Human Development Index IFAD International Fund Agricultural Development MENA Middle East and North Africa TI Transparency International UNO United Nations Organizations UNESCAP United Nations Commission for East Asia and Pacific UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank WGI World Governance Indicators v List of Illustrations pages: Figure 01: Components of Good Governance According to UNDP 13 Figure 02: Components of Good Governance according to World Bank 14 Figure 03: Corruption in The World (2013) 31 Figure 04: Corruption in MENA 31 Figure 05: Forms of Authoritarian Rule 33 Figure 06 : Representation of Women and Men in National People's Congress (NPC). 47 Figure 07 : Representation of Men and Women in Nation Council (NAC). 47 Figure 08 : Presidential Election Results for the Year 1999. 49 Figure 09 : The Evolution of Human Development Indices in Algeria. 49 Figure 10: The Evolution of the Unemployment Rate in Algeria (2001-2009). 51 Figure 11: The Governance Performance of Algeria (1996-2005). 56 vi Table of content Abstract Résumé ﻣﻠﺨﺺ Dedication ………………………………………………………..…………..ii Acknowledgments……………………………………………….……......…iii List of acronyms ………………………………………………….............….iv List of illustrations…………………………………………………….….…...v General Introduction……………………………………………….….…..…1 Chapter One: Good Governance: Concepts and Definitions Introduction……………………………………………………………………5 1-1 Definition of Good Governance …………………………….……..………6 1-1-1 Definition of Governance……..……………………...………...…6 1-1-2 Definitions of Good Governance……………………………........6 1-2- Historical Background of Good Governance….…………………….….…8 1-2-1 Political Reasons…………………………………………….……8 1-2-2 Economic Reasons………………………………………….…...9 1-2-3Social Reasons…………………………………………...............10 1-3 Components of Good Governance………………………………………..10 1-3-1Components of Good Governance According to UNDP…..........10 1-3-2 Components of Good Governance According to W B………….13 1-4 The Measurable Indicators of Good Governance…………………............15 1-4-1 The UNDP‘s Measurable Indicators of Good Governance……..15 1-4-2 The W B’s Measurable Indicators of Good Governance..………17 1-5 The Dimensions of Good Governance ……………………….………...…19 vii 1-6 The Actors of Good Governance ……………………………...………..…19 1-7 Good Governance in Islam: A Mémoire Approach …………………………21 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..24 Chapter two: Good Governance and The Arab World Introduction ………………………………………………..…..…………….…..26 2-1 Political Characteristics in the Arab World ……………..…………….…….27 2-1-1 Similar Political Characteristics ………………….……………….27 2-1-2 Different Political Characteristics….………………………………29 2-2 Political Issues in the Arab World…………………………….……………..29 2-2-1 Corruption …………………………………………………………30 2-2-2 Authoritarianism…………………………………….……………..32 2-3 Promoting Good Governance in The Arab World ……………....…………..34 2-3-1The Role of International Organizations………….….………....….34 2-3-2The Role of USA…………………………………..………………38 Conclusion…………………………………………………….....………………39 Chapter Three: Algeria and Good Governance Introduction……………………………………………………….….………….40 3-1 Reasons Behind Good Governance Emergence in Algeria …………………41 3-2 Features of Good Governance in Algeria………………………………...….42 3-3 The Analysis of the Algerian Experience by the WGI (Worldwide Governance Indicators) of World Bank …………………………..………….…45 3-4 The Evaluation of the Algerian Experience, 1996-2005………...…………..55 Conclusion …………………………………………………..……...……………58 General Conclusion………………………………………...…….…………..…60 Work Cited ……………...……………………………………….………….….62 1 INTRODUCTION In the beginning of the nineties, the subject of good governance spread all over the world. Since then, the use of the concept of good governance has been taken into great consideration by different reports of regional and international organizations like the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank in addition to different administrative, economic and political research centers. Good governance has become a worldwide concept that aims to improve state laws, and develop institutional policies. In addition, it aims at reducing poverty and unemployment, fighting corruption, and enhancing democracy and protecting human rights. Hence, good governance became the basic requirement for achieving sustainable development in the economic, social, and political domains. Because of its different interpretations, namely those of the World Bank Group and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the concept of good governance has different definitions. As its emergence is due to various historical backgrounds—political, economic and social—it relies on certain components and theoretical bases set out by the United Nations Organization. Due to such dimensional complexities, good governance can only be realized by three actors which include the individual state or government, the private sector and the civil society. Bad or poor governance is mainly characterized by a high level of corruption. More, corrupt governments are the type of government for most 2 developing countries. One of these groups of the developing countries is the Arab World or MENA (Middle East and North Africa). MENA suffers from different problems, mainly corruption and authoritarianism. Algeria,