CONTRIBUTORS 1. The Transformation of The Nigerian Civil Service From Colonialism To Post- Independence Era Philip Afaha 2. Africa: Could There Ever Be Renaissance? Prof. Usen Smith, 3. An Examination of Election Related Violence and National Security In Nigeria Charles Akale & Olajumoke Ganiyat Jenyo 4. The Contributions of United Nations To Decolonisation In Africa: An Assessment Suleiman Bilal Ishaq & Abu Leonard 5. The Potentialities of Arabic Language In Promoting And Protecting Islam and Its Culture In Nigeria Busari, Kehinde Kamorudeen, PhD 6. Jesus as The Cosmic Christ and The Ecology of The Human Person Michael Gakbe Gokat and Gideon Y. Tambiyi, PhD 7. The Effects of Violent Students' Protests in Nigerian Universities, 1971-1999 Ajala, B. Luqman, Ph.D \ 8. Forms and Functions of The Nice Properties of English Mohammad Idris S/kudu, PhD & Isa Adamu Haliru, PhD 9. Impact of Nigerian Civil War On Anyigba, North Central Nigeria, 1967- 1970 Ezeogueri-Oyewole, Anne Nnenna & Nda Mariam 10. A Historical Analysis of Political and Electoral Violence in Nigeria Between 2011 – 2018 Ene Gift Linus 11. Cultural Implicity of Naming Among the Mumuye Juliana Aidan, Naomi Ishaya & Azinni Vakkai 12. An Assessment of the Role of River Basin Development Authorities in Agricultural and Economic Development in Nigeria Since 1960 Luka, Nathaniel B. Gimba & Sylvester I. Ugbegeli, PhD, 13. Women's Status in Islam and their Role in Politics and Sustainable Development Maunde Usman Muhammad, Adamu Alhaji Sa'idu & Amina Aminu Isma'il 14. The Role of Women in Traditional Mwaghavul Religion Nakam Nanpan Kangpe 15. La révolte contre les pratiques traditionnelles abusives: Une étude de Le Bistouri des Larmes de Ramonu Sanusi et Rebelle de Fatou Keita Nev Beatrice Nguwasen & Musa Elisha 16. Blind Hatred and Religious Intolerance in Nigeria: Comparing the Biblical Saul and Yerima Musa in AA PUBLICATIONPUBLICATION OFOF Heart of Stone Chentu Dauda Nguvugher, PhD & Bem Alfred Abugh, INSTITUTEINSTITUTE OFOF PEACEPEACE STUDIESSTUDIES ANDAND 17. An Assessment of The Challenges and Opportunities of The De-Radicalisation Programme in North- Eastern State, Nigeria: A Case Study of Operation Safe Corridor Camp, Mallam Sidi, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. CONFLICTCONFLICT MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT (IPSACM),(IPSACM), Saleh Omar, PhD & Adamu Ahmed 18. Indigenous Knowledge as a Tool for Harmonizing Cultures in Nigerian Societies. Patience Ngunan Kersha, Fagbemi Victoria Yemi, PhD & Linus Nihunga Ahaz 19. Arabic and Fulfulde Grammatical Processes: A Descriptive Comparative Analysis Abubakar Mu'azu & Usman Bobbo Iliyasu 20. Vote Buying and Strategic Use of Money in the 2015 General Elections in Taraba State Auwal Chul & Isa Mohammed HPL HAMEED PRESS LIMITED No. 51 Garu Street, Sabon line V o l u m e 2 , N u m b e r 4 , J u l y 2 0 2 0 Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. TEL 08036255661, 07035668900. ISSN 2682- 6194 Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies ISSN: 2682-6194 JOURNAL OF MULTI-DISCIPLINARY STUDIES A Publication of Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria Volume 2, Number 4, July 2020 Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies i Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo, Volume 2, Number 4, July 2020 ISSN: 2682-6194 Editorial Board Editor-In-Chief Akombo I. Elijah, PhD Secretary Abdulsalami M. Deji, PhD Editorial Members Isa M. Adamu, PhD Aboki M. Sani, PhD Atando Dauda Agbu, PhD Haruna M. Suleimuri, PhD Articles should be submitted online to the Secretary, Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, PMB 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies ii Editorial Consultants Professor Talla Ngarka S., Director, Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria. Professor Abolade Adeniji, Department of History and International Studies, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria Professor Oguntola-Laguda, Danoye, Department of African Traditional Religions, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria Professor Mike O. Odey, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Professor E. C. Emordi, Department of History and International Studies, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria Professor Adagba Okpaga, Department of Political Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria Prof. Umar Habila Dadem Danfulani, Department of Religious Studies, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Prof. Olubunmi Akinsanya Alo, Department of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria Professor Saawua Gabriel Nyityo, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Dr. Gbemisola Abdul-Jelil Animasawun, Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies iii Mission Statement The world system is increasingly passing through very disturbing phases. Almost every sphere of life is being subjected to unprecedented crises. Both the human and the physical environments have come to crossroads of crises. There are, for instance, unprecedented episodes of global warming; depreciating conditions of soil fertility caused by, mostly, unregulated human activities; overflowing of banks of oceans and rivers on one hand, and alarming rain failures in different parts of the world resulting in protracted droughts and famine; on the other hand unprecedented frictions in human relationships across the globe resulting in unprecedented inter-personal, inter-group, inter-regional and inter- continental confrontations, among others. The Nigerian society is caught up at a similar crossroad. This presupposes that what has become, or is becoming, of the Nigerian society is directly a reflection of the predicament of the international community. Indeed, the entire Nigerian system is increasingly becoming alarmingly chaotic, resulting in unprecedented episodes of conflicts and violent behaviours. For instance, relationship within, and between, families is increasingly becoming very confrontational; the echoes of intra and inter-communal or group conflicts and violence are assuming new disturbing dimensions; the educational system is fast proving highly incapable of producing variables for positive national growth and development; the two dominant religions, Christianity and Islam, are disturbingly proving to be avenues for the promotion of intra and inter-religious rivalries other than peace and unity which are supposedly their main tenets; the political system is fast becoming terrains of unprecedented violence, conflict, misrule on one hand, as the security agencies are increasingly Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies iv proving to be suspiciously incapable of performing their constitutional roles on the other hand, among many other vices. Needless to assert at this juncture that conflict, violence and confrontation have become the dominant features of the Nigerian society. This development results from a network of causes. Apparently, therefore, for us to be able to adequately comprehend the adjoining variables responsible for this down trend in our society, much mental, physical and financial energies have to be exerted. This, of course, is the hallmark of Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies, A Publication of Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo. The Centre appreciates our renown academies who have identified with this mission, particularly, the maiden edition of its Journal through their very valuable articles. Our most reputable senior colleagues who have graciously accepted to be part of this mission as editorial consultants cannot be appreciated enough. The Centre has, indeed, put its hands on the plough and pledges to stick to the philosophy of “Forward Ever, Backward Never”. We remain resolute. Akombo Elijah Ityavkase, PhD Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies v Notes on Contributors 1. Philip Afaha PhD, Dept. of History and Diplomatic Studies University of Abuja, Nigeria 2. Prof. Usen Smith, Department of Political Science, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba state 3. Charles Akale & Olajumoke Ganiyat Jenyo, Research Fellows, Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja-Nigeria. 4. Suleiman Bilal Ishaq & Abu Leonard, Department of History and International Studies, Faculty of Art and Humanities, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. 5. Busari, Kehinde Kamorudeen, PhD Department of Religion and African Culture, Faculty of arts, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba – Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. 6. Michael Gakbe Gokat Postgraduate Student, Department of Religion and Philosophy University of Jos, Nigeria and Gideon Y. Tambiyi, PhD, Department of Religion and Philosophy, University of Jos,Plateau State, Nigeria. 7. Ajala, B. Luqman, Ph.D, Department of History and International Studies, Al Hikmah University, Ilorin. 8. Mohammad Idris S/kudu, PhD, Department of English and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts, Taraba State University, Jalingo & Isa Adamu Haliru, PhD, Department of Languages and Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Taraba State University, Jalingo. 9. Ezeogueri-Oyewole, Anne Nnenna & Nda Mariam, Department of History and International Studies, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State 10. Ene Gift Linus, Department of Political Science and International Relational,