ZA HI HAWASS EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavations PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172 10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23 10-11 THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scene showing the 'Meidum geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom. THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM © 2003 White Star S.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 Via C Sassone, 22/24 13100 Vercelli, Italy CHAPTER 26 www.whitestar.it All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03 Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc, Turin I I Chapter 4 The Architectural Development of the Egyptian Royal Tomb by Zahi Hawass T„he kings of the First Dynasty were buried in elements of later complexes; the tomb, enclosure wall, Over the course of the next hundred years, the theiAhr ancestrae l cemetery at Abydos. There is also a the stelae (corresponding to the upper temple), the major elements of the step pyramid complex evolved group of large, elaborate First Dynasty tombs at funerary complex (lower temple), and boats. Thus, into the standardized elements of the Old Kingdom Saqqara, near the Early Dynastic capital of lneb-hedj; the basic elements of the royal tombs, which pyramid complex. Much of this development can be the current Egyptological consensus is that these continued to develop throughout Egyptian history, traced in the complexes of Snefcru, first king of the tombs belong to high officials, but it is also possible were already in existence at this time. Fourth Dynasty, at Meidum and Dahshur Snefcru that these are royal cenotaphs or cult centers. A number ol the Early Dynastic tombs at Saqqara built four pyramids; one each at Seila and Meidum, The tombs of the First Dynasty at Abydos are have mounds, and in one case a stepped platform, and two at Dahshur. He built the Seila pyramid as a located in an area called the Umm al-Qa'ab, which over the burial shafts. The tombs at Abydos are also representation of the primeval mound, associated with means 'mother of pots.' These Early Dynastic tombs thought to have been covered with mounds. These a royal residence in the area, not as a tomb. The mark a significant change in construction from those are thought to represent the primeval mound on Meidum pyramid was built as a step pyramid in the of the Predynastic Period, when tombs were simple which the creator god stood to bring the universe beginning of his reign and left unfinished for reasons oval or rectangular graves. The tombs become more into being. we do not know. Sneferu started a new pyramid and more elaborate, with pits and chambers lined with The Step Pyramid complex of Djoser represents a complex at Dahshur in about the fifteenth year of his mud brick or, in some cases, wood In addition to the major step forward in royal funerary architecture. reign( this was designed to be the first true pyramid- burial chamber, there were also chambers for grave Djoser and his chief architect, Imhotcp, brought the However, for structural reasons, the angle of slope goods. Surrounding the tombs of the First Dynasty two elements of the Early Dynastic complex, tomb had to be modified part way up, which gave the were small subsidiary tombs for attendants thought to and valley enclosure, together into one monumental pyramid its distinctive 'bent' profile. This complex was have been sacrificed to accompany each king into the complex, and translated the mud brick and perishable then abandoned, and a new true-pyramid complex in afterlife. materials into stone. The mound above the burial North Dahshur was completed and used for the king's On the east side of each tomb limestone stelae shaft became a towering step pyramid, rising in six burial were set, bearing the name of the king in a sn&h (a stages to a height of 60 meters. The complex at Meidum contains some of the rectangle bounded at the bottom by the The components of Djoser's complex are; basic elements of the pyramid complex; a wall, which representation of a niched palace facade). Most of the 1 The enclosure wall with the colonnaded encloses a small satellite pyramid to the south and an kings of the Second Dynasty were buried at Saqqara, entrance offering chapel to the east, and a causeway leading but the last two kings of this dynasty, Peribsen and 2. The pyramid toward the flood plain. There are also tombs of Khasekhemwy, were buried at Abydos. 3. The northern temple officials and family members near the pyramid. At a distance of about two kilometers from the 4. The south tomb The Bent Pyramid complex contains all of these Early Dynastic tombs in Umm al-Qa'ab, is a group of 5. The south court elements, plus a lower temple at the eastern end of large enclosures associated with the funerary cults of 6. The hib^td court the causeway These elements now become standard, the kings,- the earlier enclosures also had subsidiary 7. The southern altar and can also be seen in Sneferu's northern pyramid burials associated with them. These are thought to 8. Temple T complex at Dahshur. We also have evidence for a have once contained ritual structures built ol 9. The northern temple pyramid city associated with this complex. perishable materials. David O'Connor of the 10. The northern altar Thus, by the time ol Sneferu's son and successor, Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition recently found a fleet of 11. Pavilion of the south Khufu, the basic elements of the pyramid complex twelve boats moored neared the complex of the 12 Pavilion of the north were in place The Early Dynastic mound has become Second Dynasty king, Khasekhemwy (although not 13. Boundary markers a straight-sided pyramid. The royal stelae have necessarily belonging to this king). The funerary become the upper, or mortuary, temple Djoser's south complexes associated with the Second Dynasty tombs tomb, sftf-festival court, and Temple T become the at Saqqara have not yet been located. Wc are now satellite, or ritual, pyramid and its court. Djoser's making a new plan of these tombs, in cooperation complex also contains W-fesiivat chapels, altars, and with Giinter Dreyer of the German Institute,- we have the pavilions of the north and south.