Notes Introduction: From Sailmaker to Celebrity 1 A.M. Loviagin, ed., Posol’stvo Koenraada fan’-Klenka k’ tsariam Alekseiu Mikhailovichu i Feodoru Alekseevichu (Saint-Petersburg, 1900), 3, originally published as [Balthasar Coyett], Historisch Verhael of Beschryving van de Voyagie gedaan onder de Suite van den Heere Koenraad van Klenck (Amsterdam: Jan ten Hoorn, 1677). 2 See Bibliography; the book’s first English edition of 1683 bore the title as rendered. 3 As a more concise version of the book’s lengthy title I will use ‘Reysen’ in the texts and notes. For its full Dutch title, see the Bibliography. Its lengthy title was the seventeenth-century norm, as was the separation of title page and frontispiece, possibly a tradition started by Peter-Paul Rubens (see L. Febvre, H.J. Martin, The Coming of the Book [London, 1976], 85–6). 4 P. Iurchenko, ‘O puteshchestviia po Rossii Golandtsa Striusa,’ Russkii arkhiv’ (St Petersburg) 2 (1879) 265–9: 266; see as well K.N. Begichev’, Kavkazskie puteshestvenniki proshlykh stoletii. Iogan’ Ioganson Striuis’ (1670 g.) (Tiflis, 1900), 3–4, footnote. They remain there in its collection today. 5 The work’s first extended Russian translation appeared in an archival journal in 1879; during the 1930s a complete translation was published in the Soviet Union. See ‘Puteshestvye po Rossii Gollandtsa Striusa,’ Russkii arkhiv’ 1 (1880) 17–108; A. Morozov, ed., Tri puteshestviia Ia.Ia. Streis, trans. E. Borodina (Moskva, 1935); see also Chapter 13. 6 See Chapters 1 and 10. 7 See Chapters 1 and 12. 8 See further Chapter 14. 9 On his death in Friedrichstadt, see Chapter 14. 10 S.P. Orlenko, for example, lists several travel accounts of seventeenth- century Muscovy by foreigners (S.P. Orlenko, Vykhodtsy iz Zapadnoi Evropy v Rossii XVII veka [Moskva, 2004], 40). For some standard Western views of Muscovy, see M. Poe, ‘A People Born to Slavery’ (Ithaca, NY, 2000); S. Mund, Orbis Russiarum (Genève, 2003); M. Mervaud, J.-C. Roberti, Une infinie bru- talité (Paris, 1991); G. Scheidegger, Perverses Abendland-barbarisches Rußland (Zürich, 1993). Some have dismissed much of Reysen as derivative, for example, see Vinal Smith, Lach and Van Kley, and Adelung, and contrast them with the rather more positive Floor, or Lach and van Kley themselves (G. Vinal Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand [DeKalb, Il, 1977], 128–9; D.F. Lach and E. Van Kley, Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. 3: A Century of Advance [Chicago, 1993] 497–8, 1801–5; F. Adelung, Kritisch- literärische Übersicht, vol. 2 [St Petersburg, 1846] 344–5; W. Floor, ‘Fact or Fiction: The Most Perilous Journeys of Jan Jansz. Struys,’ in Etudes Safavides, ed. Jean Calmard [Paris, 1993] 57–68). See Chapter 1. 11 See Poe, ‘A People’, 5; see also S.B. Schwartz, ‘Introduction,’ in Implicit Understandings, ed. S.B. Schwarz (Cambridge, 1994) 1–19: 1–2. 181 182 Notes 12 See Feofan Prokopovich’s remarks upon the Peter the Great’s return from Europe in 1717 (see L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great [London, 1998], 432). 13 F. Liechtenhan, Les trois christianismes et la Russie (Paris, 2002), 9. 14 Ibid., 179. 15 Liechtenhan suggests that the emphasis on exclusivity and purity caused by Reformation and Counterreformation sharpened Western condemnation of Eastern Christianity (see Liechtenhan, Les trois christianismes, 177, 179). 16 Again, see ibid., 179. 17 Most vociferous about this is the criticism of Struys’s account of Thailand by G. Vinal Smith (see Smith, The Dutch, 128–9, as well as Chapters 1, 2, 7–10). 18 M.G. Aune, ‘Early Modern European Travel Writing after Orientalism,’ Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 2 (2005) 120–38: 121. 19 E. Said, ‘Orientalism Reconsidered,’ Cultural Critique 1 (1985) 89–107: 97. 20 See J.D. Gurney, ‘Pietro Della Valle: The Limits of Perception,’ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 1 (1986) 103–16: 103; Floor, ‘Fact’; D. Kaiser, ‘Whose Wife Will She Be at Resurrection? Marriage and Remarriage in Early Modern Russia,’ Slavic Review 2 (2003) 302–23: 308–9; R.C. Davis, Chris- tian Slaves, Muslim Masters (Basingstoke, 2004), 53; R. Barendse, The Arabian Seas (Armonk, NY, 2002), 108–9; P. Longworth, ‘The Role of Westerners in Russia’s Penetrations of Asia, 17th–18th Century,’ in Mesto Rossii v Evrazii, ed. G. Szvak (Budapest, 2001) 207–13: 207. For a fruitful recent use of Struys’s work by a liter- ary scholar, see E. Brancaforte, Visions of Persia (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 102–6. 21 Thus in seventeenth-century texts on Asian empires, John Emerson found data not contained in indigenous sources (see J. Emerson, ‘Sir John Chardin,’ Encyclopaedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater [available at http://www.iranica.com/ newsite/accessed 12 January 2007]). It should be noted nevertheless that in their precise descriptions other texts appear superior to Reysen (see A. Olearius, Moskowitische und Persische Reise, ed. Detlef Haberland [Stuttgart, 1986]; Pietro della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle, il Pellegrino, 4 vols. [Rome, 1650]; E. Kaempfer, Am Hofe des persischen Großkönigs, 1684–5, [Leipzig, 1940]; John Chardin, A New and Accurate Description of Persia, 2 vols [London, 1724]; J. Chardin, Le couronnement de Soleïmaan Troisième roy de Perse [Paris, 1671]; Raphaël du Mans, Estat de la Perse en 1660, ed. Ch. Scheffer [Paris, 1960]; F. Bernier, Histoire de la dernière révolution des états du Grand Mogol [Paris, 1670]; J.B. Tavernier, Les Six Voyages en Turquie et en Perse [Paris, 1676]: In the first volume of the copy of this book in the Library of Congress, a front engraving indicates that Johannes van Someren printed an edition of it in Amsterdam in 1678). 22 These restrictions were only abolished by Peter (see Hughes, Russia, xiv). 23 Most of the Safavid’s Empire’s archives were destroyed in the eighteenth cen- tury (see for example S. Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (London, 2004), 36). 24 Omitting the preamble of the two letters, which are only tangentially linked to the rest of the book. 25 For this identification, see Chapter 12. 26 Giving support to Schama’s observations about Dutch seventeenth-century descriptions of Amsterdam Jews: ‘The tone … is that of curiosity ( … ) rather Notes 183 than fear and hatred’ (S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches [Berkeley, CA, 1988] 589). 27 Said suggested that Orientalism only found its full form after 1800 (see E. Said, Orientalism [London, 2003], 81–8). 28 Reysen, 70–9. 29 Indeed, the inclusion of a description of Italy was perhaps even more attrac- tive to Reysen’s publishers in anticipation of their (or van Meurs’s widow’s) publication of translations of Reysen, divining similar interest in the cradle of the Renaissance among German and French readers. On the Grand Tour and Italy’s central place in it, see P. Rietbergen, Europe: A Cultural History, second edn. (London, 2006), 287–90. 1 Struys’s Youth and Reysen’s First Journey 1 Leaving out autobiographical details and silence about one’s youth was usual before 1700, according to Dekker (see R. Dekker, Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland [Basingstoke, 2000], 11, 101, 105, 107, 109). 2 In his first marriage banns (of 6 July 1658) preserved in the city archive of Amsterdam, Struys’s age of twenty-nine is noted (see Gemeentearchief Amster- dam, Doop, Trouw- en Begrafenisregister [Municipal Archive of Amsterdam, Baptism, Marriage, and Burial Register; from here indicated as GAA DTB] 478, p. 462. 3 Chorography: A work which attempts to systematically describe a country or region (countries, regions), following the method of the Greek geographer Ptolemeus (see Mund, Orbis Russiarum, 171. Cosmographies are texts intended to provide a comprehensive overview of all that can be found under the firmament (human government and society, physical geography, flora and fauna, and so on) that have a broader scope than chorograpies, but the two terms are often used interchangeably. For the popularity of cosmographies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, see Poe, ‘A People,’ 28, 36–7. 4 Reysen, 368. Baptismal records for the village during this era have been lost. 5 J. Honig Jr., Geschiedenis der Zaanlanden, vol. 1 (Haarlem, 1849), 93–5. 6 See Honig Jr., Geschiedenis, vol. 1, 108–14, 163–82, 187–8. 7 See J. Israel, The Dutch Republic (Oxford, 1998), 363–4. 8 Israel, Dutch Republic, 231, 244–5. Reysen seems to indicate that he is Calvinist (‘Apostolisch Catholijk’; see Reysen, 255, and Chapter 7); of course, his true religious identity could have been camouflaged by the editor. On the strength of Catholicism in the region, see for instance H. van Nierop, ‘Catholics and the Law in Holland,’ in Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age, eds R. Po-chia Hsia and H. Van Nierop (Cambridge, 2002) 102–11: 107. 9 In this sense, even the baptismal record of his children is inconclusive, for a great number of sympathizers was never confirmed in the church they attended or used for such services (see further Chapter 4). 10 In 1667 Johannes van Someren published the works by the dissenter Jean de Labadie (1610–74; before Labadie’s exclusion from the Walloon Reformed Church) in translation (see J. de Labadie, erheffingen des geestes tot Godt 184 Notes [Amsterdam: J. van Someren, 1667]). But three years later, after Labadie’s expulsion, van Someren proceeded with other partners to publish several anti-Arminian and anti-Labadist Calvinist treatises (see for example Johannes van der Waeyen, Ernstige betuiginge der gereformeerde kercke [Amsterdam: J. Van Someren, D. Bakkamude 1670]). For Labadie, see Israel, Dutch Republic, 669–71. 11 Friedrichstadt in Schlesvig. See Chapter 14. 12 Israel, Dutch Republic, 211; K.