OXFORD READINGS IN CLASSICAL STUDIES The series provides students and scholars with a representative se- lection of the best and most inXuential articles on a particular author, work, or subject. No single school or style of approach is privileged: the aim is to oVer a broad overview of scholarship, to cover a wide variety of topics, and to illustrate a diversity of critical methods. The collections are particularly valuable for their inclusion of many important essays, which are normally diYcult to obtain, and for the Wrst-ever translations of some of the pieces. Many articles are thoroughly revised and updated by their authors or are provided with addenda taking account of recent work. Each volume includes an authoritative and wide-ranging introduction by the editor survey- ing the scholarly tradition and considering alternative approaches. This pulls the individual articles together, setting all the pieces included in their historical and cultural contexts and exploring sig- niWcant connections between them from the perspective of contem- porary scholarship. All foreign languages (including Greek and Latin) are translated to make the texts easily accessible to those without detailed linguistic knowledge. OXFORD READINGS IN CLASSICAL STUDIES Aeschylus Edited by Michael Lloyd Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox The Attic Orators Edited by Edwin Carawan Lucretius Edited by Monica R. Gale Catullus Edited by Julia Haig Gaisser Seneca Edited by John G. Fitch Vergil’s Eclogues Edited by Katharina Volk Vergil’s Georgics Edited by Katharina Volk Homer’s Odyssey Edited by Lillian E. Doherty Livy Edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus Horace: Odes and Epodes Edited by Miche`le Lowrie Horace: Satires and Epistles Edited by Kirk Freudenburg Thucydides Edited by JeVrey S. Rusten Lucan Edited by Charles Tesoriero, with Frances Muecke and Tamara Neal Xenophon Edited by Vivienne J. Gray All available in paperback Oxford Readings in Classical Studies Xenophon Edited by VIVIENNE J. GRAY 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York q Oxford University Press 2010 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–921617–8 (Hbk) 978–0–19–921618–5 (Pbk) 13579108642 Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 V. J. Gray I. STATUS AND GENDER 1. Slavery in the Greek Domestic Economy in the Light of Xenophon’s Oeconomicus 31 S. B. Pomeroy 2. Xenophon’s Foreign Wives 41 Emily Baragwanath 3. Xenophon on Male Love 72 CliVord Hindley II. DEMOCRACY 4. Le Programme de Xe´nophon dans les Poroi (Xenophon’s Programme in the Poroi) 113 Philippe Gauthier 5. Virtuous Toil, Vicious Work: Xenophon on Aristocratic Style 137 Steven Johnstone 6. The Seductions of the Gaze: Socrates and his Girlfriends 167 Simon Goldhill III. SOCRATES 7. Xenophon’s Socrates as Teacher 195 D. R. Morrison vi Contents 8. Der Xenophontische Sokrates als Dialektiker (Xenophon’s Socrates as Dialectician) 228 Andreas Patzer 9. The Dancing Sokrates and the Laughing Xenophon, or the Other Symposium 257 Bernhard Huss 10. L’exe´ge`se strausienne de Xe´nophon: le cas paradigmatique de Me´morables IV 4 (The Straussian Exegesis of Xenophon: The Paradigmatic Case of Memorabilia IV 4) 283 Louis-Andre´ Dorion IV. CYROPAEDIA 11. L’ide´e de monarchie imperiale dans la Cyrope´die de Xe´nophon (The Idea of Imperial Monarchy in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia) 327 Pierre Carlier 12. Fictional Narrative in the Cyropaideia 367 Philip Stadter 13. Die Frage nach dem ´ˇ ¯Õ˜`Ì˝. Die Begegnung zwischen Kyros und Kroisos bei Xenophon (The Question of the ´ˇ ¯Õ˜`Ì˝: The Encounter between Cyrus and Croesus in Xenophon) 401 Eckard Lefe`vre 14. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia and the Hellenistic Novel 418 Michael Reichel 15. The Death of Cyrus: Xenophon’s Cyropaedia as a Source for Iranian History 439 Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg V. HISTORICAL WRITING 16. The Sources for the Spartan Debacle at Haliartus 457 H. D. Westlake 17. Xenophon’s Anabasis 476 Hartmut Erbse Contents vii 18. You Can’t Go Home Again: Displacement and Identity in Xenophon’s Anabasis 502 John Ma 19. Irony and the Narrator in Xenophon’s Anabasis 520 P. J. Bradley 20. Interventions and Citations in Xenophon’s Hellenica and Anabasis 553 V. J. Gray Bibliography 573 This page intentionally left blank Preface Note on translation. Translations of the contributions in French and German are based on those provided by Oxford University Press. Quotations in Greek and Latin in the original versions of the con- tributions have been edited and/or translated in square brackets where significant, as have quotations in modern languages other than English. Acknowledgements. My thanks to the community of Xenophontic scholars, who have made this volume possible, and have made assembling it such a pleasure. The bibliography is largely the work of Simon Oswald, an alumnus of Auckland University, who also unicoded the Greek. Referencing is Harvard style. Abbreviations are according to the method of the original paper. This page intentionally left blank Introduction Vivienne J. Gray XENOPHON’S WORKS AND CONTROVERSIES ABOUT HOW TO READ THEM Xenophon is a major voice of the fourth century bc.1 His works innovate within existing literary genres and they pioneer entirely new ones. Anabasis and Hellenica develop the tradition of historical writing, while Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, and Hiero develop the literary dialogue. Cyropaedia is our Wrst focused example of ‘mirror of princes’ literature, and Agesilaus sets a pattern for encomiastic biography. Xenophon left us our Wrst example of politeia literature, which describes the laws and customs that made Sparta successful (Respublica Lacedaemoniorum (RL)), our earliest work on economic reform (Poroi), and our Wrst technical handbooks, on horses and hunting with hounds (de Re Equestri, Hipparchicus, Cynegeticus). In short, his literary innovations were so many that it is diYcult to do them justice in a single volume of Oxford Readings. He was so highly regarded that all of his writings were preserved, and one (Respublica Atheniensium) credited to him as an extra.2 1 The works are translated with English titles in Loeb Classical Library, Penguin Classics, Oxford World Classics and in various editions and commentaries. 2 Ath.Pol. is not directly covered in this volume; see Gray (2007a) 49–58 for introduction and commentary. 2 Introduction In detail, Anabasis describes Xenophon’s own experiences with the Ten Thousand Greek mercenaries recruited by the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger for the war against his brother the King Artaxerxes in 401/400 bc; it is the Wrst account in which an author is shown playing a large part in the events he describes, and it examines the problems of leadership through the narrator’s self-representation, as well as the presentation of Cyrus and other leaders of the mercenar- ies; it is a rich source for our knowledge of the western Persian empire. Hellenica is our main source for Greek history from the closing years of the Peloponnesian War down to the battle of Man- tinea in 362 bc; it continues Thucydides and makes an issue of the problem of praise and blame in historical writing.3 Memorabilia is a new literary vehicle for the presentation of Socrates; it combines a rhetorical defence against the charges of his trial (that he corrupted the young and harmed the polis by not worshipping in the prescribed manner) with a series of short self-contained conversations describ- ing how he helped his fellow citizens to achieve virtue and manage their aVairs as leaders of their households and of Athens; it oVers an image of Socrates very diVerent from Plato’s. This is also the image found in his other Socratic works: Oeconomicus, which is our earliest account of the management of a farming estate, Symposium, an account of Socrates and his companions at play in a drinking party, and the Defence of Socrates, which justiWes Socrates’ refusal to deliver a proper defence at his trial.4 Hiero is a dialogue on whether the ruler has greater happiness than his subjects, being the only extant treatment of this popular topic and one of the few extant dialogues in which Socrates does not Wgure.5 Agesilaus sets a pattern for encomiastic biography with its combination of a narrative of the career of the Spartan King Agesilaus followed by separate sections on each of his virtues.6 RL systematically praises the laws that were introduced by Lycurgus to produce the social and military practices that made Sparta successful.7 Cyropaedia reveals the secrets 3 See the section on historical writing in this volume for Anabasis and Hellenica.