COMPILER DESIGN LECTURE NOTES (Subject Code: BCS-305) for Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering & Information Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering & Information Technology Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (Formerly UCE, Burla) Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha Lecture Note Prepared by: Prof. D. Chandrasekhar Rao Prof. Kishore Kumar Sahu Prof. Pradipta Kumar Das SYLLABUS BCS-305 COMPILER DESIGN (3-1-0) Credit-04 Module-I (10 Lectures) Introduction to Compiling: Compilers, Analysis of the source programe, The phases of a compiler, Cousins of the compiler, The grouping of phases, Compiler-construction tools A Simple One-Pass Compiler: Overview, Syntax definition, Syntax-directed translation, Parsing, A translator for simple expressions, Lexical analysis, Incorporating a symbol table, Abstract stack machines, Putting the techniques together Lexical Analysis: The role of the lexical analyzer, Input buffering, Specification of tokens, Recognition of tokens, A language for specifying lexical analyzers, Finite automata, From a regular expression to an NFA, Design of a lexical analyzer generator, Optimization of DFA-based pattern matchers Module-II (15 Lectures) Syntax Analysis: The role of the parser, Context-free grammars, Writing a grammar, Top-down parsing, Bottom- up parsing, Operator-precedence parsing, LR parsers, Using ambiguous grammars, Parser generators Syntax-Directed Translation: Syntax-directed definitions, Construction of syntax trees, Bottom-up evaluation of S-attributed definitions, L-attributed definitions, Top-down translation, Bottom-up evaluation of inherited attributes, Recursive evaluators, Space for attribute values at compile time, Assigning space at compile time, Analysis of syntax-directed definitions Module-III (6 Lectures) Type Checking: Type systems, Specification of a simple type checker, Equivalence of type expressions, Type conversions, Overloading of functions and operators, Polymorphic functions, An algorithm for unification Run-Time Environments: Source language issues, Storage organization, Storage-allocation strategies, Access to nonlocal names, parameter passing, Symbol tables, Language facilities for dynamic storage allocation, Dynamic storage allocation techniques, Storage allocation in Fortran Module-IV (9 Lectures) Intermediate Code Generation: Intermediate languages, Declarations, Assignment statements, Boolean expressions, Case statements, Back Patching, Procedure calls Code generation: Issues in the design of a code generator, The target machine, Run-time storage management, Basic blocks and flow graphs, Next-use information, A Simple code generator, Register allocation and assignment, The dag representation of basic blocks, Peephole optimization, Generating code from dags, Dynamic programming code-generation algorithm, Code-generator generators Code Optimization: Introduction, The Principal sources of optimization, Optimization of basic blocks, Loops in flow graphs, Introduction to global data-flow analysis, Iterative solution of data-flow equations, Code- improving transformations, Dealing with aliases, Data-flow analysis of structured flow graphs, Efficient data-flow algorithms, A tool for data-flow analysis, Estimation of types, Symbolic debugging of optimized code. Text Books: 1. Compilers Principles, Techniques, & Tools, by A.V.Aho, R.Sethi & J.D.Ullman, Pearson Education 2. Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho and J.D. Ullman, Addition – Wesley of CSE - 2 - LESSION PLAN Course Code:BCS-303 COMPILER DESIGN(3-0-0) 6th Semester Lecture Classes: 40 Lecture-1 Overview of systems, why we study programming languages?, attributes of a good language, classification of programming languages. Ref: Principles of programming languages, Rabi Sethi Lecture-2 Introduction to Compiler, Cousins of Compiler(Translator, assembler, interpreter, loader, linker etc), Phases of Compilers. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-3 Operation in each phases of a Compiler, lexical analyzer, syntax analyzer, semantics analyzer, symbol table manager, error handler, intermediate code generator, code optimizer, code generator. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-4 Compiler Construction Tools, Parser generators, Scanner generators, syntax directed translation engines, automatic code generator, data flow engine. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-5 Role of the lexical analyzer, issues in lexical analysis, tokens, patterns, lexemes. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-6 Lexical errors and error recovery actions, Input buffering. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-7 Specification of tokens, Strings and languages, Finite automata, DFA, NFA. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Automata Theory, AV Aho, JD Ullman Lecture-8 Equivalence of NFA and DFA, Conversion of NFA to DFA. Ref: Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Automata Theory, AV Aho, JD Ullman Lecture-9 Minimizing states of DFA, Є-NFA, Ref: Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Automata Theory, AV Aho, JD Ullman Lecture-10 Regular Expression, regular grammar, Conversion of regular expression into NFA Ref: Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Automata Theory, AV Aho, JD Ullman Lecture-11 A language for specifying lexical analyzer, Design of lexical analyzer generator Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-12 The role of Parser, Syntactic errors and recovery actions Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-13 Context free Grammar, Parse Tree, Parse tree Derivation, Left most Derivation, Right most derivation, ambiguity. Ref: Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Automata Theory, AV Aho, JD Ullman Lecture-14 Eliminating ambiguity, predictive parsing, Recursive decent parsing, predictive parsing using tables. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-15 Top down parsing, bottom up parsing, shift reduce parsing using the ACTION/GOTO Tables. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-16 Table construction, SLR, LL, LALR Grammar, Practical consideration for LALR grammar. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan Lecture-17 Syntax directed translation, Syntax directed definition, bottom up evaluation of S-attributed definition. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-18 L-attribute definition, top-down translation, bottom up evaluation of inherited attributes. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-19 Recursive evaluators, space for attribute values at compile time, assigning space at compiler construction time, analysis of syntax directed definitions. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-20 Semantic actions, semantic analysis, symbol tables, types and type checking. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-21 Run time Environment, Activation Records, run time storage organization. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-22 Symbol Tables, Language facilities for dynamic storage allocation, Dynamic storage allocation techniques Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-23 Intermediate code Generation, intermediate languages, Declarations. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-24 Assignment statements, Boolean expressions, Case statements, Back patching, Procedure Calls. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-25 Code Generation, Issues in the design of code generation, The target machine. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-26 Run time storage management, Basic blocks and flow graphs. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-27 A simple code generator, Register and address descriptors, A code generation algorithm. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-28 Register allocation and assignments, global register allocation, usage counts, register assignment for outer loops, Register allocation by graph coloring. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-29 The Dag representation of basic blocks, Dag Construction, Application of Dag. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lectur-30 Peephole optimization, Redundant-instruction elimination, Flow of control optimizations, algebraic simplifications, Use of machine idioms. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-31 Generating code from dags, Rearranging the order, A Heuristic ordering for Dags.(Cont….) Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-32 Optimal ordering for Trees, The labeling algorithm, Code generation from a Labeled tree, Multiregister Operations, Algebraic Properties. Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman Lecture-33 Dynamic programming code generation algorithm, A class of register Machines, The principle of dynamic programming, contiguous evaluation.(Cont….) Ref: Principle of Compiler Design, A.V.Aho, Rabi Sethi, J.D.Ullman