西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报 第 54 卷 第 4 期 JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Vol.54 No.4 2019 年 8 月 Aug. 2019 ISSN -0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.4.9 Research Article MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING: THE WAY FORWARD FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA Nazli Aziza,*, Zikri Muhammadb, Farahdilah Ghazalic, Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaatd, Jumadil Saputrae,* aSchool of Social and Economic Development 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, [email protected] bSchool of Social and Economic Development 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, [email protected] cInstitute of Oceanography and Environment 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, [email protected] dInstitute of Oceanography and Environment 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, [email protected] e,*School of Social and Economic Development 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia, [email protected] Abstract The paper emphasises the potentials of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) to be adopted and implemented in Central Terengganu, referring to three districts, namely Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu and Marang. The territorial waters of Terengganu Central are demarcated by the protected boundaries of the marine parks, namely Redang, Lang Tengah and Kapas Islands. These three marine park islands are major ecotourism destinations in Central Terengganu, but the development that has been carried out on the islands and areas surroundings their gateways in the mainland, to some extent, is not integrated and sustainable. The purpose of this study is to seek the answers to what extent the current and future development trends in Central Terengganu have addressed the multiple competing and conflicting uses related to socioeconomic development, marine/ocean governance and conservation. The qualitative techniques were used for analysis and a case study was used to understand the nature of government policies and management as well as the existing and future plans. To summarize, this study concluded that MSP is the best option for the Terengganu State Government to improve the management of coastal and marine resources for environmental sustainability and socio-economic planning in Central Terengganu. Keywords: Marine Spatial Planning, Sustainable Development, Central Terengganu. 摘要 : 本文强调了在登嘉楼中部采用和实施海洋空间规划（MSP）的潜力，指的是三个地区，即瓜拉纳鲁 斯，瓜拉登嘉楼和马朗。登嘉楼中心的领海由海洋公园的受保护边界划分，即 Redang，Lang Tengah 和 Kapas Islands。这三个海洋公园岛屿是登嘉楼中部的主要生态旅游目的地，但在岛屿和周边地区进行的开发 在某种程度上是在大陆的门户网站，并没有整合和可持续发展。本研究的目的是寻求中央登嘉楼当前和未 来发展趋势在多大程度上解决与社会经济发展，海洋/海洋治理和保护相关的多种竞争和相互冲突的用途的 答案。定性技术用于分析，案例研究用于了解政府政策和管理的性质以及现有和未来的计划。总之，本研 究的结论是，MSP 是登嘉楼州政府改善沿海和海洋资源管理的最佳选择，以促进登嘉楼中部的环境可持续 2 性和社会经济规划。 关键词: 海洋空间规划，可持续发展，中央登嘉楼。 I. INTRODUCTION and future development trends in Central This study examines the possibility of Terengganu have addressed the multiple adopting and implementing Marine Spatial competing and conflicting uses related to Planning (MSP) in Terengganu by using the socioeconomic development, marine/ocean Central Terengganu as a case study. Central governance and conservation. Terengganu is the most urbanized and populated area in Terengganu. Besides the land boundaries, II. LITERATURE REVIEW the territorial water of Terengganu Central is Marine spatial planning (MSP) or also known demarcated by the different protected boundaries as coastal and marine spatial planning refers to a of the marine parks, namely Redang Island, Lang planning process from coastal areas to open- Tengah Island and Kapas Island. These ocean territory, which has been utilized to reduce ecological sensitive areas warrant for a proper conflict in coastal and ocean‟s use [1]. MSP has master plan to ensure their sustainability in the widely in Europe, to coordinate exploitation of long run. These three marine park islands are sources and space with conservation activities. major ecotourism destinations in Central MSP is not merely focusing on the environmental Terengganu but the development that have been conservation, yet, comprise of a broader carried out on the islands and areas surroundings objective to balance the distribution of activities their gateways in the mainland, to some extent in selected coastal and ocean areas to serve are not integrated and sustainable. Therefore, the ecological, economic, and social purposes main goal is to underline the importance of including cooperative between states to overcome viewing the mainland and islands in Central common threats or promoting peaceful relations Terengganu as a system with varied users that [2]. Among good examples of MSP are involved multiple competing and conflicting uses. Australia-Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zoning It addresses the existing socio-economic and and Re-Zoning, the Netherlands Integrated ecological issues while exploring the mechanisms Management Plan for North Sea 2015, Master required in advancing MSP in Terengganu. Plan for the Belgian part of the North Sea in Three districts namely Kuala Nerus, Kuala Belgium, and Norway-Integrated Management Terengganu and Marang referred as Central Plan for Barents Sea in Norway. Terengganu in this study. Central Terengganu has Conflicts among users and activities will been chosen as a case study to conceptualize the directly influence of the health of marine future potential of MSP in Terengganu because environment. Issues on limited space and marine of its unique geographical, environmental and resources, coupled with, tremendous economic socio-economic features. Central Terengganu expansion, has caused several maritime threats surrounded and endowed with a few ecological including overfishing, pollution, and destruction sensitive areas (ESAs) such as marine parks, of habitat [3]. Moreover, with the growth of reserved forests, estuarine and sandy coastline. tourism industry in coastal and ocean areas, the However, these ESAs are competing and development of such activities including “eco” conflicting with the socio-economic growth as based activities must parallel with environmental Central Terengganu is the state governance and and planning procedures [1]. Through MSP, an education hubs as well as the most urbanized area integrated plan-based approach for marine with the highest population in Terengganu. management could take place to accommodate The existence of different demarcated ESAs spatial and temporal uses and to reduce existing along with the rapid socio-economic and potential conflicting uses [3]. Therefore, to development in Central Terengganu requires a achieve balance between all embedded objectives, proper master plan to ensure their sustainability a robust planning framework and stakeholder in the long run. Hence, the main goal of this engagement are required, together with extensive study is to underline the importance of an data acquisition, data manipulation and integrated coastal and marine spatial plan in systematic conservation planning [4]. Central Terengganu as a system with varied users One of the vital aspect of MSP is the that involved multiple competing and conflicting ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach uses. It seeks answers to what extent the current for to manage coastal and ocean areas in which to 3 safeguard the long-term sustainability of marine environment and resources [5]. Thus, it gives an indication that MSP satisfy the concept of environmental sustainability and in line with biodiversity conservation goal stipulated in the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Nevertheless, it is also crucial to deploy an effective support system in order to achieve sustainable marine planning and management, through utilization of a spatial data infrastructure for marine spatial information sharing [6]. Figure 1:Geographical location of Kuala Nerus, Kuala III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Terengganu and Marang This study uses both qualitative methods and Geographical Information System (GIS). Content However, two districts, Kuala Terengganu analysis is employed for qualitative methods by and Besut were excluded from the pilot study. using a case study to understand the nature of The Central Terengganu coastline stretches from government policies, governance and Kampong PagarBesi (Kuala Nerus) to Kampong management. Data from Focus Group Discussion JambuBongkok (Marang). In general, the (FGD) with different stakeholders such as coastline in these three districts is protected by a government agencies, private sectors, local few islands such as Redang Island, Bidong Island communities, tourism operators and non- and Kapas Island. governmental organization (NGOs) were In order to implement MSP, the geographical triangulated with the various official reports, location and population of Central Terengganu legal documents and public policies. The use of must be taken into consideration in the zoning GIS maps is necessary to understand the overall plan. Location, size and population of Central geographical setting of the three districts. Maps Terengganu are vital to determine the competing used for the study were sourced from local plans mixed development and conflicting ecological of Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu and Marang. uses. In addition, the land use mapping is used to Central Terengganu covers an area of produce new maps. 127,182.4 ha or 9.8% of the total area of Terengganu (1,295,512 ha). It has 464,600 out of IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1,152,700 populations in Terengganu (2015) (Table 1). A. Geographical location and population This study only concentrates in the center Table 1. region of Terengganu. The regional area of Demographic of Terengganu by district, 2015