EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.5.2018 SWD(2018) 190 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on type- approval requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers, and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, as regards their general safety and the protection of vehicle occupants and vulnerable road users, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/… and repealing Regulations (EC) No 78/2009, (EC) No 79/2009 and (EC) No 661/2009 {COM(2018) 286 final} - {SEC(2018) 270 final} - {SWD(2018) 191 final} EN EN Table of Contents List of abbreviations and glossary of terms ............................................................................... 5 1. Introduction: Political and legal context ............................................................................. 7 1.1. Political context ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Legal context ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.1. Vehicle safety legislation under the type-approval framework ............................ 9 1.3. Adapting the legislation to vehicle safety developments ............................................. 9 1.4. Contribution of vehicle safety legislation to road safety in general .......................... 10 2. What is the problem and why is it a problem? .................................................................. 12 2.1. Traffic accidents in the EU and their effects .............................................................. 12 2.2. Transformation of main safety problem into vehicle level problems ........................ 16 2.3. Slow market uptake of new safety features in the vehicle fleet ................................. 18 2.4. Competitiveness and innovation ................................................................................ 18 2.5. Efficiency of measures introduced so far ................................................................... 18 2.6. Market description ..................................................................................................... 19 2.7. Outdated safety exemptions for SUVs, MPVs, vans and the like .............................. 20 2.8. Contribution to the reduction of the regulatory burden on companies ...................... 21 2.9. Main problem drivers and consequences ................................................................... 23 3. Why should the EU act? .................................................................................................... 23 4. What should be achieved? ................................................................................................. 24 5. What are the various options to achieve the objectives? ................................................... 25 5.1. Measures to completely avoid accidents, to reduce the overall severity of accidents or to mitigate the outcome of injuries in accidents between vehicles or vehicles and obstacles ........................................................................................................................... 27 5.1.1. Frontal impact occurrences ................................................................................. 27 5.1.2. Side impact occurrences...................................................................................... 30 5.1.3. Rear impact occurrences ..................................................................................... 30 5.2. Measures to completely avoid accidents, to reduce the overall severity of accidents or to mitigate the outcome of injuries that result from impacts between vehicles and pedestrians and cyclists .................................................................................................... 31 5.2.1. Pedestrian and cyclist protection when hit by front-of-vehicle .......................... 31 5.2.2. Pedestrian and cyclist protection when hit by side-of-vehicle ............................ 33 5.2.3. Pedestrian and cyclist protection when hit by rear-of-vehicle ............................ 33 5.3. Policy option “Baseline” ............................................................................................ 34 1 5.4. Policy options “Regulatory approach” to prevent road accidents or to mitigate the outcome of accidents ........................................................................................................ 34 5.4.1. Design of options and timeframe for implementation ........................................ 35 5.4.2. Policy option 1: Generalisation of mature and widely available safety features 36 5.4.3. Policy option 2: Introducing widely available and less commonly available safety features as standard equipment .............................................................................. 37 5.4.4. Policy option 3: Introduction of a full set of safety features boosting innovation 38 5.5. Options discarded at an early stage ............................................................................ 38 5.5.1. Policy option “Self-regulation” ........................................................................... 38 6. What are the impacts of the different policy options and who will be affected? .............. 39 6.1. Social impact .............................................................................................................. 39 6.2. Environmental impact ................................................................................................ 40 6.3. Economic impact ........................................................................................................ 40 6.3.1. Costs 41 6.3.2. Benefits ............................................................................................................... 42 6.3.3. Impact of additional safety measures on vehicle prices and sales prices ............ 43 6.3.4. Competitiveness and drivers of innovation ......................................................... 44 7. How do the options compare? ........................................................................................... 45 7.1. Effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 45 7.1.1. Effectiveness in achieving the general objective ................................................ 45 7.1.2. Effectiveness in achieving the specific objectives .............................................. 46 7.2. Efficiency and proportionality ................................................................................... 48 7.3. Coherence ................................................................................................................... 49 8. The preferred option .......................................................................................................... 50 9. How would actual impacts be monitored and evaluated? ................................................. 53 Annex 1 – Procedural information ........................................................................................... 55 1.1. Lead DG, Decide Planning/CWP references ............................................................ 55 1.2. Organisation and timing ............................................................................................ 55 1.3. Consultation of the RSB ............................................................................................ 55 1.4. Evidence, sources and quality ................................................................................... 57 Annex 2 – Stakeholder consultation ......................................................................................... 59 2.1. General stakeholder consultations ............................................................................. 59 2.2. Public consultation .................................................................................................... 61 Annex 3 – Who is affected by the initiative and how .............................................................. 70 3.1. Practical implications of the initiative ....................................................................... 70 2 3.2. Summary of costs and benefits .......................................................................................... 72 3.3. Detailed discussion on road safety problem drivers .................................................. 73 3.3.1. Slow market uptake of new safety features in the vehicle fleet ............................. 73 3.3.2. Outdated safety exemptions for SUVs, MPVs, vans and the like .......................... 74 Annex 4 – Analytical models used in preparing the impact assessment. ................................. 76 4.1. Description of analytical models used ...................................................................... 76 4.1.1. PRIMES-TREMOVE transport model ................................................................... 76 4.1.2. TRL model ............................................................................................................. 77 4.1.3. COWI model .......................................................................................................... 81 4.1.4. PRIMES-TREMOVE, TRL and COWI models role in the impact assessment .... 84 4.2. Baseline scenario ......................................................................................................