مجلة ) - (Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities جامعة الخليل للبحوث- ب (العلوم االنسانيه Volume 11 Issue 1 Article 11 2020 Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabic and Turkish ابراهيم ابو شهاب [email protected] ,جامعة الزيتونه Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_b Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation ",Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabic and Turkish" (ابو شهاب, ابراهيم (2020 Vol. 11 :مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- ب (العلوم االنسانيه) - (Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities : Iss. 1 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_b/vol11/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Arab Journals Platform. It has been accepted for by an مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- ب (العلوم االنسانيه) - (inclusion in Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities authorized editor. The journal is hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. ??? ????: Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabi Hebron University Research Journal( B) H.U.R.J. is available online at Vol.(11), No.(1), pp.(219 –239), 2016 http://www.hebron.edu/journal Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabic and Turkish Dr. Ibrahim Abushihab Associate Prof. Head of English Department Alzaytoonah University of Jordan Abstract This paper explores the differences and similarities between Turkish and Modern Standard Arabic in the area of Relative Clauses. Turkish is an agglutinative language. Its modals and auxiliaries are bound morphemes suffixed to the predicate, whereas relative pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic are used as separate words. Accordingly, the Turkish relative clause contains one of the following participle suffixes: –(y)an, -dik or (y) ecak corresponding to the following Modern Standard Arabic relative pronouns that are used as separate words: ʔallaði, ʔallaðaani , ʔallaðayni, ʔallaðiina, ʔallati, ʔallattaani ʔallatayni and ʔallaati or ʔallawaati. The paper also attempts to reveal some pedagogical implications which are helpful in teaching Arabic and Turkish as foreign languages. Keywords: Relative clause in Arabic, Relative clause in Turkish, Contrastive analysis, Restrictive relative clause, non-restrictive relative clause. الملخص: هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف إلى أوجه التشابه واﻻختﻻف بين اللغة العربية الفصحى واللغة التركية التركية واللغة الفصحى العربية اللغة بين واﻻختﻻف التشابه أوجه إلى التعرف الدراسة هذه هدفت في مجال اﻻسم الموصول .(Relative Clauses) تعتبر اللغة التركية لغة التصاقية (agglutinative language)حيث تضاف لواحق اﻷفعال المساعدة وصيغ اﻷفعال إلى اﻷفعال والصفات واﻷسماء. لذلك يعد ضمير الصلة في اللغة التركية كملحق يضاف إلى الفعل (y) ecake, -dik, -(y)an)-) بينما يستخدم ضمير الصلة منفصﻻ ا في اللغة العربية: اللذي ، اللذان ، اللذين ، اللتي ، اللتين ، الﻻتي أو اللواتي. Published by Arab Journals Platform, 2020 1 Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities) - (???? ????? ?????? ??????- ? (?????? ?????????, Vol. 11 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 11 Ibrahim Abushihab, Relative Clauses ..H.U.R.J., Vol.(11), No.(1): 219-239 ,2016 220 وتظهر الدراسة بعض المجاﻻت التربوية والتي تساعد في تدريس اللغة العربية واللغة التركية التركية واللغة العربية اللغة تدريس كلغات أجنبية Introduction being learned, but the weak The interest in contrastive version claims to have the power linguistics originated in the US to diagnose errors in target anthropological studies during language. Wardhaugh (1970: the Second World War when an 123) also asserts this and states urgent need arose for English that according to the strong language teaching and research version, all target language errors on immigrant bilingualism. After that occur can be predicted the Second World War, foreign through isolating the differences language learning gained between mother language and importance and contrastive target language while according analysis (CA, henceforth) to the weak version only some of became the landmark in teaching the errors can be identified foreign languages. through these differences. The Fries (1945:9) stresses the fact basic level of the weak version is that "The most effective to use the best linguistic materials (for foreign language knowledge available to linguists teaching) are those that are based to account for the observed on a scientific description of the difficulties in second language language to be learned, carefully learning. compared with a parallel Brown (2000:208) points out that description of the native "the principal barrier to the language of the learner." second language It must be noted that the CA system is the interference of the hypothesis existed in strong and first language system with the weak versions. These two second language system". versions are related to the notion James (1980) states that CA of mother language interference. involves two steps: The strong version claims that all 1.Description, that is, a formal errors in target language can be description of the language to be predicted by identifying the learned is made. differences between the learner's 2.Comparison, which is native language and the language concerned with the identification https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_b/vol11/iss1/11 2 ??? ????: Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabi Ibrahim Abushihab, Relative Clauses ..H.U.R.J., Vol.(11), No.(1): 219-239 ,2016 221 of areas of differences and which is used in publications, similarities, including media, and in academic "prediction" signaling which institutions. Al-Saidat and Al- areas cause errors and difficulties Momani (2010: 397) remark that The Ottoman Turkish language is modern standard Arabic is known today as Turkish. Modern derived from classical Arabic. It Turkish is spoken by about 80 is the language of literature, million people in the Republic of media, education, formal speech, Turkey and by about 300,000 etc. They also add that colloquial people in Northern Cyprus. Arabic is a collective term for the Turkish belongs to the Ural- spoken varieties of Arabic used Altaic language family. It is throughout the Arab World, written left-to-right. Its modals which differs from modern and auxiliaries are bound standard Arabic. It includes a morphemes suffixed to the number of national and regional predicates varieties and constitutes the (verbs/nouns/adjectives) which everyday spoken language. have final position. Suffixes add Modern standard Arabic has the to the meaning of the word same structure: lexicon and and/or mark its grammatical pronunciation but these elements function. vary locally as dialects. Dialects Arabic is a Semitic language vary from one region to another which is widely used in the Arab and this is due to geographical countries as a first language. continuum and sociolinguistic Arabic is a diglossic language. It variables such as urban, rural and is divided into three major forms: Bedouin. Classical Arabic, Modern The present paper focuses on the Standard Arabic, and colloquial. differences and similarities Khalil Arabic (2010: 4) divides between Turkish and Modern Arabic into three major varieties. Standard Arabic in the area of Classical Arabic which is the Relative Clauses which are used language of the holy Quran and in grammatical description to accorded an elevated status in characterize pronouns used to contrast with the colloquial introduce a modifying adjectival dialects spoken in different clause within a noun phrase and countries of the Arab world. In by extension to the clause as a addition to these two varieties, whole as the following examples there is Modern Standard Arabic show: Published by Arab Journals Platform, 2020 3 Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities) - (???? ????? ?????? ??????- ? (?????? ?????????, Vol. 11 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 11 Ibrahim Abushihab, Relative Clauses ..H.U.R.J., Vol.(11), No.(1): 219-239 ,2016 222 Modern standard Arabic: u, ü, v, y, z. The punctuation raʔjtu ʔalbinta ʔallati katabat system is the same as that of the ʔaldarsa English language. Moreover, the saw +I+ the girl+ who + wrote + Turkish alphabet contains 29 the lesson uppercase and 29 lowercase I saw the girl who wrote the letters. lesson The Standard Arabic Turkish: sounds are listed at the end of the şiiri okuyan bayan /sıırı ɔ:kujæn paper (see Appendix 2). Unlike bæjæn/ Turkish, Arabic is written from poem+ read+ subject relative right to left. The Arabic alphabet (y)an+ woman. contains twenty-eight letters. The woman who reads the poem. Punctuation marks are also the As the examples stated above same as those of Turkish. Unlike show, Turkish is an agglutinative Turkish, however, Arabic has language. Its relative pronouns one form for the letters while are bound morphemes suffixed to Turkish has two forms the verb, whereas Arabic relative (uppercase and lowercase pronouns are used as free letters). Turkish has a total of function words. twenty-one consonants, whereas Sound Inventories of Arabic Arabic has twenty-eight ones. and Turkish Tables 1 and 2 display the The Turkish alphabet is listed as phonetic nature of consonants in follows: a, b, c, ç, d, e, f, g, ğ, h, both languages. ,i, j, k, l, m, n, o, ö, p, r, s, ş, t ,׀ https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_b/vol11/iss1/11 4 ??? ????: Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis of Modern Standard Arabi Ibrahim Abushihab, Relative Clauses ..H.U.R.J., Vol.(11), No.(1): 219-239 ,2016 223 Table 1: Turkish consonant phonemes (Adapted from Göksel and Kerslake, 2006: 3-6; see Appendix No.1) Place of articulation Manner of Bilabi Labi Dental Palato- Alveo- Palat Glott Articulation al o- alveolar palatal al al dent al Stops VI p T k Vd b D g Fricatives VI f s ʃ ɣ h Vd v z ʒ Affricates VI tʃ Vd dʒ Nasals m n Laterals r 1 Approximants j Arabic has twenty-eight consonants and differs from Turkish consonants in terms of their place of articulation as table 2 displays: Table 2: Arabic consonant Phonemes (Adapted from Khalil, 2010:12, for more information see appendix 2:Arabic consonants) L LD I D A P V U Ph G Stop t , tˤ b d , k q ʔ dˤ Affr.