UC Office of the President UC Publications in Linguistics Title Chimariko Grammar: Areal and Typological Perspective Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8309x2k0 Author Jany, Carmen Publication Date 2014-06-12 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Chimariko Grammar Chimariko Grammar Areal and Typological Perspective Carmen Jany University of California Press Berkeley • Los Angeles • London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Publications in Linguistics, Volume 142 Editorial Board: Judith Aissen, Andrew Garrett, Larry M. Hyman, Marianne Mithun, Pamela Munro, Maria Polinsky University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2009 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America Cataloging-in-Publication data for this title is on file with the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-520-09875-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). To my parents Contents List of Tables..................................................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................xv Abbreviations................................................................................................................................................xvi Abstract..........................................................................................................................................................xvii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Ethnographic setting............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Genetic and areal relationships............................................................................. 3 1.3 Fieldworkers and speakers.................................................................................... 7 1.4 Possible dialectal variation .................................................................................... 10 1.5 Sources and publications........................................................................................ 10 1.6 Grammatical sketch................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Organization of this work....................................................................................... 14 2. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY ......................................................................................... 15 2.1 Phoneme inventory and orthography.................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Consonant inventory and allophonic variation ....................................... 15 2.1.1.1 Consonant inventory .......................................................................... 15 2.1.1.2 Stops, fricatives, and affricates ......................................................... 15 2.1.1.3 Lack of voicing distinction................................................................. 15 2.1.1.4 Nasals, liquids, and approximants .................................................... 15 2.1.1.5 Orthography......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.6 Phonetic realizations .......................................................................... 15 2.1.1.7 Allophonic variations.......................................................................... 16 2.1.1.8 Retroflex phonemes............................................................................ 16 2.1.1.9 Speaker variation ................................................................................ 17 2.1.1.10 Minimal pairs ..................................................................................... 17 2.1.1.11 Phonemic status of sounds............................................................... 19 2.1.1.12 Gemination......................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Vowel inventory and allophonic variation............................................... 20 2.1.2.1 Vowel inventory .................................................................................. 20 2.1.2.2 Minimal pairs ....................................................................................... 20 2.1.2.3 Vowel length ........................................................................................ 20 2.1.2.4 Diphthongs ........................................................................................... 21 2.1.2.5 Creaky voice ......................................................................................... 22 2.2 Syllable structure and phonotactic restrictions ................................................. 22 2.2.1 Syllable structure.......................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Structure of roots.......................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Phonotactic place and co-occurrence restrictions.................................. 24 2.2.3.1 Phonotactic restrictions..................................................................... 24 2.2.3.2 Possible consonant clusters............................................................... 26 vii viii Contents 2.2.3.3 Geminate consonant clusters ............................................................ 26 2.2.3.4 Summary of phonotactic restrictions .............................................. 27 2.3 Stress and prosody................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Stress............................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Prosodic units ................................................................................................ 28 2.4 Sound symbolism..................................................................................................... 28 2.5 Phonetics and phonology in areal-typological perspective.............................. 28 3. MORPHOPHONEMIC ALTERNATIONS.............................................................................. 33 3.1 Pronominal alternations......................................................................................... 33 3.2 Negation and imperatives ...................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Negation ......................................................................................................... 36 3.2.1.1 Deletion of pronominal affix with x-..-na......................................... 36 3.2.1.2 Vowel backing and vowel assimilation with x-..-na ....................... 37 3.2.2 Imperatives .................................................................................................... 39 3.3 Other alternations ................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1 Stem shapes: Deletion of final vowel ......................................................... 39 3.3.2 Aspectual suffixes ......................................................................................... 39 3.3.3 Locative and directional affixes.................................................................. 40 3.3.4 Metathesis ...................................................................................................... 41 3.3.5 Affixes with initial consonant clusters...................................................... 42 3.3.6 Suffixes with the initial vowel /a/ ............................................................. 43 3.3.7 Suffixes with initial glottalized obstruents /k’, c’, č’/ or with /č/........ 43 3.3.8 Possessive markers ....................................................................................... 44 3.3.9 The derivative -Vˀ ......................................................................................... 45 3.4 Morphophonemics in areal-typological perspective......................................... 45 4. WORD CLASSES ................................................................................................................... 47 4.1 Nouns......................................................................................................................... 47 4.1.1 Common nouns and proper nouns............................................................. 49 4.1.2 Placenames..................................................................................................... 50 4.2 Pronouns ................................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1 Personal pronouns........................................................................................ 51 4.2.2 Interrogative pronouns...............................................................................