Notes and References CHAPTER 1: WHAT REVOLUTION? 1. Throughout this book 'revolution' is used in general sense of 'fundamental and far-reaching change'. Political revolution, involving the overthrow of an existing system of government, is not necessarily implied. 2. Peter Laslett, in Listener, 11 January 1962, p. 53. This was the third of three talks, all reprinted in the Listener, given under the general title of 'The Social Revolution of Our Time'. 3. This was even more true of the United States, where four million boys and girls became 18 in 1965, compared with two million in 1956. Even so, as was pointed out by an American observer in Erik H. Erikson (ed.}, Youth: Change and Challenge (New York: Basic Books, 1961} p. 133: 'At the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, half the nation was under eighteen. We do not touch this proportion today.' 4. James S. Coleman, The Adolescent Society (New York: The Free Press, 1961} p. 3. 5. Peter Wilmott, Adolescent Boys of East London (London: Routledge, 1966) p. 36. 6. Expressions such as 'his or her', 'he or she' will not always be used in this book when both sexes are implied. For ease of reading the simpler 'his' or 'he' will be used. 7. Graham Turner, 'Ladies will be Ladies', Sunday Telegraph, 12July 1981. Turner makes a very similar point in his previous article about Eton, 5 July 1981. The majority of Eton boys, he says, prefer to conceal the fact when they are with strangers. They 'reach for their camouflage'. But, he points out, 'accents can give the game away'. The boys reckon that only 10 per cent now have real Etonian accents and almost everyone seems both delighted and relieved. 'It's only grandmothers who have really awful Etonian voices', said Tony Ray, the Senior Housemaster, while Tom, who took his A levels this half (i.e. term) admits candidly that 'you keep your accent down because of other people'. 8. Angela Rippon, well known as a BBC television newsreader during the 1970s. 9. Alan S. C. Ross, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, LX, 21 (1954}. 10. Alan S. C. Ross, with Robin Brackenbury, 'U and Non-U Today', New Society, 22 August 1968. 11. His own analysis of his life is to be found in his autobiography, Ray Gosling, Sum Total (London: Faber, 1962}. Notes and References 125 12. Ibid., p. 53. 13. Brian Morris, An Introduction to Mary Quant$ London (London Museum, 1973) p. 7. 14. Dennis Chapman, 'The Autonomous Generation', Listener, 17 January 1963. 15. Alan Little, 'The Young Affluents', Listener, 9 May 1963. 16. Bernard Davies, 'Non-Swinging Youth', New Society, 3 July 1969. CHAPTER 2: ATTITUDES TO WORDS 1. Basil Bernstein (ed.), Class, Codes and Control, vol. 1: Theoretical Studies Towards a Sociology of Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971) 2. Ibid, p. 28. 3. Ibid, p. 28. 4. Ibid, p. 28. 5. Ibid, p. 32. 6. Ibid, p. 36. 7. Ibid, pp. 48-9. 8. Ibid, pp. 144-5. 9. Ibid, pp. 146-7. 10. Ibid, p. 147. 11. G. J. Turner, 'Social Class and Children's Language of Control at Age Five and Seven', in Basil Bernstein (ed.), Class, Codes and Control, vol. 2: Applied Studies Towards a Sociology of Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973) pp. 135-6. 12. George Steiner, 'In Bluebeard's Castle', Listener, 15 April 1971. 13. Bernard Rosenberg, 'Mass Culture in America', in Bernard Rosenberg and David Manning White (eds), Mass Culture: The Popular Arts in America (New York: Free Press, 1964) p. 5. 14. B. Sugarman, 'Involvement in Youth Culture, Academic Achievement and Conformity in School', British journal of Sociology, June 1967, p. 158. 15. Mary Douglas, 'Do Dogs Laugh?: a Cross-Cultural Approach to Body Symbolism', journal of Psychosomatic Research, 15, 1971, p. 389. 16. M. A. K. Halliday, Language as Social Semiotic: the Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning (London: Edward Arnold, 1978) p. 161. 17. Ibid., p. 172. 18. Ibid., p. 180. 19. Dell Hymes, Foundatz"ons in Sociolinguistics: an Ethnographical Approach (London: Tavistock Publications, 1977) p. 51. 20. Ibid, p. 4. 21. George Melly, Revolt into Style: the Pop Arts in Bn"tain (London: Allen Lane, 1970) p. 206. 22. Richard M. Owens and Tony Lane, Amencan Denim: a New Folk Art (New York: Abrams, 1975) pp. 38-9. 23. Ibid, p. 38. 24. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media (London: Routledge, 1964) 126 Notes and References p. 2!H. See also George Steiner, 'The Retreat from the Word', Listener, 14 and 21 July 1960. 25. Simon Frith, 'Rock Lyrics', Listener, 26 June 1980. 26. Donald Davie, 'British and American English', Listener, 23 January 1969. 27. The two vintage 'Dear Bill' letters referring to the Royal Wedding are to be found in the issues of Private Eye for 31 July and 14 August 1981. 28. John Wells, Anyone for Denis? CHAPTER 3: POP MUSIC AS A CULTURAL CARRIER 1. Colin Macinnes, 'Pop Music', Twentieth Century, February 1958. 2. George Melly, Revolt into Style: the Pop Arts in Britain (London: Allen Lane, 1970} p. 7. 3. For an interesting analysis of this, see Nik Cohn, Pop from the Beginning (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969) pp. 11-12. 4. Tony Palmer, All You Need is Love: the Story of Popular Music (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976) p. 159. Palmer was the Observer's music critic from 1966 to 1974. 5. Melly, Revolt into Style, p. 29. 6. For a discussion of this, see Melly, Revolt into Style, pp. 39-40. 7. Ibid., p. 46. 8. The Times, 12 December 1980. 9. Cohn, Pop from the Beginning, p. 67. 10. Quoted by Tom Nairn, 'On the subversiveness of Art Students', Listener, 17 October 1968. The author had himself been a lecturer in sociology at the Homsey School of Art. 11. Adrian Mitchell, 'Beatles', reprinted in Listener, 3 October 1968. 12. Quoted in Michael Wale, Voxpop: Profiles of the Pop Process (London: Harrap, 1972) pp. 12-13. 13. The issue of New Musical Express for 7 March 1981 had 60 pages and cost 30p. 14. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: the Mean·ing of Style (London: Methuen, 1979) p. 25. CHAPTER 4: THE LEXICOGRAPHER'S WATERLOO 1. J. Isaacs, in a radio talk, 'What is a Dictionary?', subsequently printed in Listener, 7 November 1957. 2. Ibid. 3. Such action is in fact illegal. The definitions in a dictionary are copyright, as if they were paragraphs in a novel. To avoid all risk of prosecution, every definition in a dictionary must be brand-new. Even the complete choice of words in a dictionary is copyright. 4. Samuel Johnson, Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) p. 18. 5. Henry Morley (ed.), The Earlier Life and the Chief Earlier Works of Daniel Defoe (1889) pp. 125-6. Notes and References 127 6. Temple Scott (ed.), The Prose Works ofjonathan Swift, DD (1907) vol. XI, pp. 14-15. 7. Benjamin Martin, Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). 8. Samuel Johnson, Preface to the Dictionary (1755) vol. 1. 9. 'General Explanations', The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) vol. 1, p. xxviii. 10. Today they might well have written 'sub·cultures'. 11. 'General Explanations', p. xxvii. 12. Lewis Jones, 'Dictionaries', Listener, 26 December 1963. 13. Melody Maker, 24 January 1981. 14. Foreword to Collins English Dictionary (London and Glasgow: Collins, 1979) p. vii. 15. Ibid., p. vii. CHAPTER 5: WRONG-FOOTING THE ENEMY 1. International Times, 14 October 1966. 2. Letter to My Guy, 1 September 1979. 3. Column heading in]ackie, 7 May 1966. 4. Jackie, 4 February 1968. 5. Private Eye, 19 January 1971. 6. Melody Maker, 29 May 1979. 7. Jackie, 7 February 1981. 8. Jackie, 11 January 1964. 9. Private Eye, 23 August 1974. 10. Jeff Nuttall, Bomb Culture (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968). 11. Private Eye, 5 June 1970. 12. Guardian, 12 March 1979. 13. Letter to Pink, 12 May 1979. 14. Pink, 12 May 1979. 15. Jackie, 18 January 1969. 16. Jackie, 24 January 1981. 17. Daily Mirror, 22 March 1979. 18. Jackie, 9 January 1965. 19. New Musical Express, 27 July 1956. 20. My Guy, 1 September 1979. 21. New Musical Express, 13 January 1956. 22. Private Eye, 5 June 1970. 23. Nuttall, Bomb Culture. 24. Foul, June 1974. 25. Interview with pop group in Rolling Stone, 30 November 1978. 26. Daily Telegraph, 3 February 1981. 27. Foul, June 1974. 28. judy Annual for Girls, 1968 edition (London: D. C. Thomson). 29. Guardian, 13 March 1979. 30. Jackie, 24 January 1981. 31. Motor Cycle Weekly, 31 January 1981. 32. judy Annual for Girls, 1968. 33. Jackie, 20 July 1968. 128 Notes and References CHAPTER 6: THE INFLUENCE OF REAL AND IMAGINARY BLACKS 1. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: the Meaning of Style (London: Methuen, 1979) p. 55. 2. Edward Bone, The Negro Novel in America (Yale University Press, 1965) pp. 53-4. This is of great value in understanding black culture in general. Its analysis and insight go deeper and wider than the title of the book indicates. 3. Thomas Kochman (ed.), Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Black America (University of Illinois Press, 1972) p. xi. 4. Kochman, Rappin' and Stylin' Out, p. 172. On this, see also J. L. Dillard, Black English in the United States (New York: Random House, 1972). 5. A summary of his findings can be found in Kochman, Rappin' and Stylin' Out, p. 172 onwards. 6. Colin Macinnes, 'Reggae', New Society, 31 December 1970. 7. Quoted in Bone, The Negro Novel in Amen"ca, p. 198. Ellison was born in 1914. His Invisible Man won the National Book Award as the best American novel of 1952.