Hesperia Supplement 39 ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 American land of sikyon School Archaeology and History of a Greek City-State of Classical Studies at Athens Yannis A. Lolos with contributions by Aristoteles Koskinas, Lina Kormazopoulou, Ioanna Zygouri, Vassilis Papathanassiou, and Angelos Matthaiou The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2011 ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 American Copyright © 2011 School The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey of All rights reserved. Classical Studies Front cover: Rottmann’s Sikyon-Korinth (1834); Munich, Staatliche Gra- phische Sammlung 21 368 Z. Courtesy Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich at Back cover: Arkouda and the coastal plain from Tsakriza Athens Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lolos, Yannis A. Land of Sikyon : archaeology and history of a Greek city-state / Yannis A. Lolos ; with contributions by Aristoteles Koskinas . [et al.]. p. cm. — (Hesperia supplement ; 39) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87661-539-3 (alk. paper) 1. Sicyon (Extinct city)—Antiquities. 2. Archaeology and history—Greece—Si- cyon (Extinct city) 3. Historic sites—Greece—Sicyon (Extinct city) 4. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Sicyon (Extinct city) 5. Inscriptions—Greece—Sicyon (Extinct city) 6. Sicyon (Extinct city)—Buildings, structures, etc. 7. Sicyon (Extinct city)—History. 8. City-states—Greece—History. I. Koskinas, Aristoteles. II. Title. DF261.S5L65 2011 938΄.7—dc23 2011017213 CONTENTS ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 American List of Illustrations vii List of Tables xxiii School Preface and Acknowledgments xxv of Introduction 1 Classical Chapter 1 Physical Environment and Resources 7 Chapter 2 Studies Sikyonia from Prehistoric Times to the Ottoman Era 59 Chapter 3 at Land Communications 93 Athens Chapter 4 Defenses 181 Chapter 5 Settlements: The City and Its Countryside 269 Chapter 6 Sacra Sicyonia 377 Conclusion 415 Appendixes I. Register of Sites 419 II. Roof Tiles, by A. Koskinas 549 III. Aqueducts of Sikyon 571 IV. Public Land: An Epigraphical Testimony 585 V. Excavations at the Cave of Lechova: A Preliminary Report, by L. Kormazopoulou, I. Zygouri, and V. Papathanassiou 589 vi contents VI. An Inscribed Sherd from the Cave of Lechova, by A. Matthaiou and Y. A. Lolos 599 VII. A Building Inscription from Agios Nikolaos of Vasiliko 601 References 603 Index of Ancient Sources 621 General Index 627 ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 American School of Classical Studies at Athens PREFACE AND AcKNOWLEDGMENTS ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 American The archaeological exploration of the territory of an ancient Greek city- state is a formidable task, as I have come to realize. Sikyon in antiquity School comprised a land of approximately 360 km2, which extended from the coastal plain to the semimountainous and mountainous zones of the south, and included various geomorphological units: alluvial plains, conglomerate of and marly conglomerate terraces, upland basins, rolling and steep hills, Classical and mountainsides.The sheer size and scope of the land of Sikyon—its geographical variety, but also the legacy of its ancient history as told by the written sources—posed great challenges. Faced with such an overwhelming project, I decided to tackle it in stages. I first familiarized myself with the Studies topography, then investigated the passes and roads crossing the countryside from antiquity to early modern times, and finally explored the settlement patterns and other remains of human activity in the area across the centu- at ries. The end result is a reconnaissance of the land of this important city Athens and should by no means be considered a final treatment of the subject. In fact, in many respects my work invites further exploration of specific areas and sites that have yielded significant finds or have raised puzzling questions. In all stages of the research, I was fortunate to have wise guidance and tremendous help and support from various individuals. This study started as a doctoral dissertation in the Graduate Group in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of California at Berkeley. I am deeply indebted to my advisors, Ronald S. Stroud, Stephen G. Miller, and Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr., for their insightful and thorough com- ments. Ron Stroud, in addition, accompanied me in the field twice, and has enthusiastically embraced the whole effort throughout. I benefited from discussions with the late W. Kendrick Pritchett, who shared with me his unparalleled knowledge of ancient Greek history and topography. Yannis Pikoulas spent two weekends in Sikyonia with me, and he read parts of the manuscript, making important additions. My debt to him and to his scholarly work is apparent throughout the book. Many thanks are also due to John Cherry, with whom I had a number of stimulating conversations on survey archaeology during 1998–1999. xxvi preface and acknowledgments I am grateful to the staff of the 4th and now 37th Ephoreia of Pre- historic and Classical Antiquities—namely, the ephors Elsa Spathari, Zoe Aslamantzidou, and Alekos Mantis; the archaeologists Anna Banaka and Yota Kassimi; and the draftsperson Kiki Athanasouli—for their efficient help in acquiring the permit for the fieldwork. The secretary of the Greek Archaeological Society, Vasilios Petrakos, and the archivist Ioanna Ninou promptly responded to my requests for material from the Orlandos ar- chive. The archaeologist Photini Balla helped me with the survey of the city walls in the early stages of the project. During the 2001 field season I ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393 was assisted by three young archaeologists, graduates of the University of Ioannina: Aristoteles Koskinas (author of Appendix II), Myrsini Gouma, and Kostas Satolias. Their great interest in the project, their expertise, and American their amazing stamina enabled us to cover significant ground that year. The architectural plans that accompany the text (Figs. 1.34, 3.46, 4.45, 4.56, 4.66, and 4.81) are the product of an electronic survey conducted with enthusiasm and energy by three senior students of topography in the Technological Institution of Athens: Dimitris Karakaxas, Vasilis Marras, School and Kostas Botos. I am extremely grateful to them, as well as to their advisors Makis Avoritis and Philippos Zoidis, who made available to us a high-quality laser theodolite (Sokkisha Set 4c). All photographs are my of own unless otherwise indicated. Excerpts of ancient literary sources are Classical from the Loeb editions unless otherwise indicated. Special thanks are due to the local inhabitants of the area, who liter- ally guided me to the antiquities of their villages. Without them my task would have been much more difficult and much less successful. My aunts Studies Charikleia Lolou and Maria Predari, residents of the village of Kokkoni, and my uncle, the late Evgenios Karachalios, native of the village of Stylia, put me in touch with people living throughout Sikyonia. In almost every at village I encountered at least one inhabitant (and often more) who was Athens genuinely interested in ancient remains and was willing to share his or her knowledge with me. Among these, I am especially indebted to the following: Angelos Bouvis (Kiato); the late Christos Kakavakis (Vasiliko); Photis Ioannou (Tarsina); Panagiotis Dardanis (Stimanga); Antonis Teknos (Kastraki); Georgios Stasinopoulos and Nikos Mikos (Bozika); Dimitrios Tourgellis (Asprokampos); Takis Kallianiotis, papa-Anastasios Skouphis and the late Spyros Papoutsis (Titane); Dimitrios Triantaphyllou and Christos Kalantzis (Gonoussa); Kostas Zarkos, Panagiotis Zarkos, the late Nikolaos Zarkos, Panagiotis Tsolakos, and Sotiris Lepesiotis (Kryoneri); Vasilis Mytas (Souli); Spyros Drimeris (Megali Valtsa); the late Dimitrios Georgiou (Throphari); Nikos Kampouris and Panagiotis Vasilopoulos (Panariti); Panagiotis Tsatsaris (Manna); Yannis Antoniou (Velina); Vlasis Sotiropoulos and Nikos Valatas (Zemeno); Vassilis Papaioannou (Thalero); Tasos Pappas (Pasio); Stavros Belitsis and the late Aristomenes Arberores (Archaia Korinthos); Andreas Papachristou (Velo); Nikos Bitsakos (Vo- chaiko); Kostas Sokos (Ano Diminio); Yannis Karathanassis (Evangelis- tria); Konstantinos Kellaris and Evangelos Theleritis (Kaisari); Georgios Karachalios (Melissi); Dimitris Kitsalias (Poulitsa); Antonis Karachalios (Stylia); and Kostas Tsiougos (Ellinochori). Petros Tsiougos, former head (proedros) of the community of Ellinochori, deserves special mention, since preface and acknowledgments xxvii he has been like a father to me during the course of the project, always ready to guide me to the antiquities of his village and its broader area. During the processing and interpretation of the survey data, I was fortunate to have the unfailing support of the staff of the Corinth Exca- vations and its former director, Charles K. Williams II. I am especially grateful to Nancy Bookidis, Guy Sanders, and Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst for spending significant amounts of their busy time reading the pottery of the survey. Nancy Bookidis also read sections of the book, making crucial cor- rections, comments, and suggestions. Chris Hayward and Irene Polinskaya ©2011 http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/publications/book/?i=9780876615393