A New Vision of Language Education, from Monolingualism to Plurilingualism: An In-depth Analysis of Plurilingualism and Its Theories Relevant to Language Education Lingyi Xue A dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (MEd) 2019 School of Education Abstract This dissertation investigates the theoretical premises and pedagogical implications of plurilingualism through an extended analysis of the academic and (where appropriate) policy literature. Firstly the tension between superdiversity, caused by globalisation, at the social and individual levels, is juxtaposed with traditional approaches to language teaching. Two main forces in traditional language teaching, a monolingual ideology and cognitive second language acquisition (SLA) are examined. By exploring the profound influence of monolingual ideology over language classrooms, the research brings to the fore the need for a new theoretical framework in the field of language education. The investigation raises influential recent shifts in the language field, particularly the “social turn” and the “multilingual turn”. Subsequently, the theoretical premises and core concepts of plurilingualism are carefully investigated, aiming to identify the difference between this new lens and traditional language education. When the research explains possible practices of plurilingual education, two different pictures are presented. On the one hand, in many pluralistic language classrooms where this new perspective is embraced, teachers have achieved gratifying results in developing students' plurilingual and intercultural repertoires and cultivating their composite competence. On the other hand, the research also shows that many language teachers lack awareness of the use and further development of students' whole linguistic and cultural repertoires. In the meantime, some disconnection between theoretical knowledge and practice is caused by inadequate pre service and in service professional development and training. After an in-depth analysis of its characteristics and advantages, this research identifies that although plurilingualism has not yet become an accepted theory of language in mainstream language education, this action-oriented, student-centred pedagogical approach and its broad and strategical framework can provide high-quality language education in an era of superdiversity. In addition to cultivating students' plurilingual and intercultural ability, it can also foster lifelong learning awareness of the need to continue to cultivate these skills and understanding. Finally, this dissertation also analyses the key points, difficulties, and possible solutions of promoting plurilingualism in schools. This research suggests that many educators and language teachers still lack awareness of the implication embodied in this new concept or lack adequate support for implementing it in the classroom setting. It is necessary to address these issues through professional training. In addition, studies on experiences of schools that have successfully shifted from traditional pedagogy to pluralistic approaches would be helpful. 1 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. 5 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 8 1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Researcher’s rationale ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Aim and research questions ............................................................................................ 9 1.4. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Dissertation overview .................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: THE BACKGROUND OF CONTEMPORARY LANGUAGE EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Globalisation and superdiversity .................................................................................. 12 2.2.1. Highly mobile population ...................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. The impact of network communications .............................................................. 13 2.2.3. Superdiversity and lingua franca multilingualism .............................................. 13 2.3. Challenging monolingual ideology .............................................................................. 14 2.3.1. Historically multilingual societies ......................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Monolingual ideology in language education ....................................................... 14 2.4. Challenging Cognitive SLA .......................................................................................... 16 2.4.1. Cognitive SLA ......................................................................................................... 16 2.4.2. Cross-linguistic influence viewed from a perspective of cognitive SLA ............ 17 2.4.2.1. Examining the epistemology and methodology of cognitive SLA with three cross-linguistic transfer models .................................................................................... 17 2.5. Two major turns emerged in SLA ............................................................................... 18 2.5.1. The “social turn” .................................................................................................... 19 2.5.1.1. Sociocultural theory ......................................................................................... 19 2.5.1.2. Contrasting SCT with cognitive SLA .............................................................. 19 2.5.2. The “multilingual turn” ......................................................................................... 20 2.5.2.1. Reviewing the concept of multilingualism ...................................................... 21 2.5.2.2. Two significant concepts within the multilingual turn ................................... 23 2.6. Summary of chapter two ............................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: PLURILINGUALISM ..................................................................................... 26 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 26 2 3.2. The emergence of plurilingualism ................................................................................ 26 3.3. Distinguishing plurilingualism from multilingualism ................................................ 27 3.4. Key concepts of plurilingualism ................................................................................... 27 3.5. Plurilingualism - a multifaceted shift ........................................................................... 29 3.6. The significance of plurilingualism to language education ........................................ 32 3.7. Summary of chapter three ............................................................................................ 33 CHAPTER 4: PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES INFORMED BY PLURILINGUALISM 34 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 34 4.2. Negative attitudes .......................................................................................................... 34 4.3. Proactive attitudes ......................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Four pluralistic approaches of FREPA and case analysis ......................................... 36 4.4.1. Awakening to languages ........................................................................................ 37 4.4.1.1. One case: an AtL intervention programme at a preschool in Portugal ........ 38 4.4.2. Intercomprehension between related languages ................................................. 40 4.4.2.1. One case: developing receptive IC in five Romance languages simultaneously ....................................................................................................................................... 41 4.4.3. Integrated pedagogic approaches to different languages studied ...................... 43 4.4.3.1.