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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6N x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA (MULLER), IN RESPONSE TO LEAF EXTRACTS MADE FROM RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE ELMS, (ULMUS SPP.). A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Janet Lea Murphy, B.S., M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Raymond W. Doskotch Richard W. Hall T. Davis Sydnor cuu Adviser Dana L. Wrensch Department of Entomology UNI Number: 9544651 UMI Microform 9544651 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Janet Lea Murphy 1995 My strength is as the strength of ten, Because my heart is pure. Sir Galahad Lord Alfred Tennyson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Richard W. Hall for time, energy and advice given me during the past several years; Dr. Raymond W. Doskotch for his interest in my project and willingness to assist me; Dr. Dana L. Wrensch for her endless ent-thusiasm and moral support; and Dr. T. Davis Sydnor for his horticultural expertise. Special thanks to Pamela Boner for her time and patience in instructing me on the use of equipment in her lab and on how to not flood the place. I owe a debt of gratitude to my family, especially to my dad who's asked me about 900 times, "When ya gonna be done?" and to my friends, especially Kathy Bruner, for feeding me and prodding me along. And thanks mostly to my sweetie, Dave, who’s always been there for me and supported everything I've wanted to do. What a guy!! VITA June 10, 1963 ................................................... Bom - Chilton, Wisconsin 1986 .................................................................. B.S., The Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 1986-1987 ........................................................ Student Intern, The Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 1988-1991 ........................................................ M.S., The Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988-Present .................................................... Graduate Teaching and Research Assistant, The Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELD OF STUDY Major field: Entomology Plant-Insect Interactions TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii VITA.................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... x CHAPTER PAGE I. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 II. Feeding by elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), on Ulmus pumila L. leaf discs treated with polar or nonpolar leaf extracts made from U. carpinifolia ’Christine Buisman’ or U. wilsoniana ’Prospector’ ....................................................................................................... 25 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 25 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 26 Results .............................................................................................................. 28 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 31 m . Feeding responses of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), to artificial substrates treated with extracts made from resistant and susceptible elms ............................................................................................... 40 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 40 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 41 Results .............................................................................................................. 45 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 47 v IV. Feeding behavior of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), in response to extracts made from susceptible, Ulmus pumila, and resistant, U. wilsoniana, elms ..................................................................... 60 Introduction ................................................................................................... 60 Materials and M ethods ................................................................................. 61 Results ........................................................................................................... 67 Discussion...................................................................................................... 72 V. Feeding response of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), to fractions obtained from the hexane-soluble fraction of a 95% ethanol Ulmus pumila L. leaf powder extract .......................................................... 94 Introduction ................................................................................................... 94 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 96 Results........................................................................................ 101 Discussion .................................................................................................... 105 VI. Feeding response of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), to fractions obtained from the hexane-soluble fraction of a 95% ethanol Ulmus wilsoniana Schneid. ’Prospector’ leaf powder extract ................. 126 Introduction ................................................................................................. 126 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 127 Results.......................................................................................................... 131 Discussion .................................................................................................... 132 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 141 LIST OF REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 145 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................ 154 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Mean leaf area consumed (mm2) by X. luteola exposed to U. pumila leaf discs treated with polar or nonpolar extracts of U. carpinifolia 'Christine Buisman’ or U. wilsoniana 'Prospector' ........................................................35 2. Mean leaf area consumed (mm2) by X. luteola exposed to U. pumila leaf discs treated with water: methanol (1:1) extracts of V. carpinifolia 'Christine Buisman* or U. wilsoniana 'Prospector' ....................................... 37 3. Mean leaf area consumed (mm2) by X. luteola exposed to U. pumila leaf discs treated with hexane:dichloromethane (1:1) extracts of U. carpinifolia 'Christine Buisman’ or U. wilsoniana 'Prospector' .............39 4. Mean number of female elm leaf beetles (±SE) showing a feeding response to Kaydry® paper treated with 8 different extracts of U. pumila and U. wilsoniana leaves, and mean number of eggs (±SE) laid on the paper in association with the extracts