The Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe This page intentionally left blank The Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe Edited by Karl Cordell Senior Lecturer in Politics University of Plymouth First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40675-3 ISBN 978-0-333-97747-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333977477 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The politics of ethnicity in Central Europe / edited by Karl Cordell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Silesia—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 2. Silesia– –Politics and government. 3. Europe, Central—Ethnic relations– –Political aspects. 4. Europe, Central—Politics and government. I. Cordell, Karl, 1956– . DK4600.S4242P65 1999 305.8'009438'5—dc21 99–39505 CIP Selection, editorial matter, Introduction, Chapters 2, 7, 8 and Conclusion © Karl Cordell 2000 Chapters 1, 3–6 © Macmillan Press Ltd 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-73171-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 For Sophia This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowlegements ix Prefatory Remarks x Place-Names xi Notes on Contributors xix Chronology of Silesia xxi Maps xxiii–xxix Introduction 1 Karl Cordell 1 Nationalism and the Nation-State in Central Europe 6 Terry Sullivan 2 Ethnic Conflict and Conciliation in Central Europe Today 26 Karl Cordell 3 The Germans and Central Europe in the Pre-Modern Era 50 Kai Struve 4 Silesia and the Dawning of the Modern Era 66 Philipp Ther 66–74 Tomasz Kamusella 74–89 Petr Kacir 79–88 5 Upper Silesia 1918–45 92 Tomasz Kamusella 92–112 Petr Kacir 112–26 6 Polish and Czech Silesia under Communist Rule: A Comparison 131 Bernard Linek 131–48 Karl Martin Born 148–56 7 The Articulation of Identity in Silesia since 1989 161 Karl Cordell 161–75 Tomasz Kamusella 175–80 Karl Martin Born 180–85 vii viii Contents 8 The Future of Silesia 188 Karl Cordell 188–97 Tomasz Kamusella 197–201 Conclusion 204 Karl Cordell Index 208 Acknowledgements There are many people who in one way or the other have helped in the preparation of this book and deserve a mention. For reasons of space I will unfortunately have to limit it to a select band. First of all, I would like to thank my Head of Department, Adrian Lee, for having put up with me all these years and for having provided me with every means of support above and beyond the call of duty. I should also like to thank Vit Novony, Angelika Gutmann, and Catherine Johnson-Gerkes for their translations, without which this work could not have appeared. Thanks also goes to my sister, Julie Cordell-Szczurek, for arranging translation services in Germany. Thanks are also due to Karl Martin Born for stepping into the breach at a moment’s notice. Many thanks are also due to everyone at Macmillan who helped in the prep- aration of the volume, and especially to Sunder Katwala, Alison Howson and Sarah Barrett for her patience and diligence with the man- uscript. Also, I should also like to thank the Leverhulme Trust for their generous financial support, without which the book would not have appeared. Finally, a big vote of thanks to everyone who in various ways has supported me over the years; you know who you are. ix Prefatory Remarks Place-names in Central Europe change according to political circum- stances. In order to prevent the reader drowning in a sea of parenthe- ses, place-names used in the text are, unless specifically indicated, those which are appropriate to the period under examination. The accompanying list of place-names is designed to achieve two things. The first is to illustrate the point made in the introductory sentence. The second is to familiarize the reader with the historical equivalents of contemporary Silesian place-names. Given that the large majority of Silesia is today Polish, the general rule used is that Polish names appear first and traditional German names second. Czech names are also used where appropriate, and in addition ‘pre-national’ and where appropri- ate National Socialist place-names are also given. x Place-Names Source: Snoch B. (ed.), Ilustrowany Slownik Dziejow Slaska (Katowice, Wydawnictwo ‘Slask’, 1991). Official Polish place-names given first; alternatives follow the key below. cz. Czech names used in Opava and Tesin Silesia n. German names n.d. names cited in documents, usually Latin forms n.n. German names introduced after 1933 n.pw. temporary Polish names used shortly after 1945 obocz. names used in parallel to the official Polish names Baborow n.d. Baurow; n.Bauerwitz; n.pw. Baworow Bardo n.d. Gradice Barda, Brido; Wartha; n.pw. Warta Biala Prudnicka n.d. Bela; n. Zülz Bielawa n.d. Belsco, Belzco; n. Bielitz Bierun Stary n.d. Berun, Byerun; n. Alt Berun Bierutow n.d. Berolstadt, Bernhardtsdorf; n. Bernstadt Bogumin n. Oderberg; cz. Bohumin Boguszow n. Gottesberg; n.pw.Boza Gora Boleslawiec n.d. Bolezlaucz, Bolisslaw, Bonzlavia; n. Bunzlau Bolkow n. Bolkenhain; n.pw. Bolkowice Borow n.d. Boriow, Boraw, Borouw; n. Bohrau Brochow n.d. Prochow, Brockow; n. Brockau; n.pw. Prochow Bruntal n. Freudenthal; cz. Bruntal Brzeg n.d. Visoke Breg, Alta Ripa, Breg; n. Brieg Brzeg Dolny n.d. Breg, Brega; n.Dyhernfurth Byczyna n.d. Byscina, Biczina; n. Pitschen xi xii Place-Names Bystrzyca Klodzka n.d.Weistritz, Hawelswerd; n. Habelschwerdt Bytom n.d. Bitom; n. Beuthen/OS Bytom Odrzanski n.d. Bitom; n. Beuthen and der Oder; n.pw. Bialobrzezie Cerekwica n.d. Circutce; n. Zirkwitz Chelmsko Slaskie n. Schömberg; n.pw. Szymrych Chobienia n.d. Chobena, Hobena. Kobin; n. Koben and der Oder Chocianow n.d. Choczenow; n. Kotzenau; n.pw. Kaczanow Chojnow n.d. Haynowia; n. Haynau Chorzow n.d. Charzow, Chorzow, Krolewsa Huta; n. Königshutte Ciechanowice n.d. Tschechanowecz; n. Rudelstadt Cieplice Slaskie n.d. Calidus fons, Warmenborn; n. Warmbrunn Cieszkow n.d. Freyno; n. Freyhan Cieszyn n.d. Tescin, Tessin; n. Teschen; cz. Cesky Tesin Czarnowasy n.d. Charnowoz, Czarnowaz; n. Czarnowanz; n.n. Klosterbruck Czechowice-Dziedzice n.d. Cechowitz, Ciechowicz; Dziedzicz; n. Czechowitz-Dzieditz Czernina n. Tschirnau Czerwiensk n.d. Netka, Nettkow; n. Rotenburg Dobrodzien n.d. Dobrodyn, Dobradin, Dobrodzyn; n. Guttentag Dobromierz n.d. Vrideberch, Fredeberg; n. Hohenfriedeberg Dobroszyce n.d. Dobra, Treskin; n. Juliusburg; n.pw. Julianowo Duszniki n.d. Dussnik, Rynarcz; n. Reinerz Dzierzoniow n.d. Richinbach, Richenbach; obocz. Rychbach; n. Reichenbach; n.pw. Rychbach Frydek-Mistek n. Friedek, Mistek; cz. Frydek-Mistek Frysztat n.d. Fristat; n. Freistadt; cz. Frystat (Karvina I Frystat) Gliwice n.d. Gliwicz, Glywycz, Glewicz; n. Gleiwitz Glogow n.d. Glogua, Glogav, Glogavia; n. Glogau Place-Names xiii Glogowek n.d. Glogov, Minor Glogovia; n. Oberglogau Glubczyce n.d. Glupcici, Glubchiz, Hlupchyzhe, Lybschutz; n. Leobschütz; n.pw. Glabczyce Glucholazy n.d. Capricollum, Cygenhals; n. Ziegenhals, obocz. Kozia Szyja Gluszyca n.d. Wustemdorph; n. Wustegiersdorf; n.pw. Gierzcze Puste Gogolin n.d. Gogolino; n. Gogolin Gora n.d. Antiqua Gora, Goravia; n. Guhrau Gora Sw. Anny n.d. monte Helm, M. Sancta Anna; n. Sankt Annaberg, Annaberg; obocz. Swieta Anna Gorzow Slaski n.d. Gorczow, Landisberg; n. Landsberg Grodkow n.d. Grodkovichi, Grodchov, Grodcov; n. Grottkau; n.pw. Grotkow Gryfow Slaski n.d. Griphenberch; n. Greiffenberg; n.pw. Gryfogora Gubin n.d. Gubyn; n. Guben Henrykow n.d. Heinrichow; n. Heinrichau Hulczyn n. Hultschin; cz. Hlucin Ilowa n.d. Ilua, Ilwa; n. Halbau; n.pw. Ilwa Jablonkow n. Jablunkau; cz. Jablunkow Jawor n.d. Javor; n. Jauer, obocz. Jaworz; n.pw. Jaworow Jawornik n. Jauernig; cz. Javornik Jedlina Zdroj n. Charlottenbrunn; n.pw. Zdrojowice Jelenia Gora n.d. Hyrzberc, Hersberg; n. Hirschberg Jesienik n.d. Frywaldov; n. Freiwaldau; cz. Jesenik Kamienna Gora n.d. Camena Gora, Landishute; n. Landeshut, obocz. Lancut; n.pw. Kamienio-gora Karniow n. Jagersdorf; cz. Krnov Karpacz n. Krummhübel Karwina n. Karwin; cz. Karvina Katowice n.d. Katowicze; n. Kattowitz Katy Wroclawskie n. Kanth Kietrz n.d. Ketscher, Kacer, Keczir; n. Katscher Kluzbork n.d. Cruceburch, Kluzbork, Krucibork; n. Kreuzburg xiv Place-Names Klodzko n.d. Kladsko, Cladsco, Klotsko; n. Glatz; n.pw. Kladzko Korfantow Ferlat, Fyrlat n.d. Fredland, Hurtland; n. Friedland; obocz. gwarowo Kostomloty n.d. Costomlot; n. Kostenblat Kowary n.d. Smedewerk; n. Schmiedeberg; n.pw. Krzyzatka Kozle n.d. Coszle, Kosle; n. Cosel Kozuchow n.d. Cosuchow, Cosuchovia; n. Freystadt, obocz. Frysztat Krapkowice n.d. Crapiez, Crapkowitz; n. Krappitz, obocz. Chrapkowice Krosno Odrzanskie n.d. Crosno, Chrosno; n. Crossen a.d. Oder Krzeszow n.d.