Table of contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................3 Norway ...........................................................................................................................................9 Historical perspectives ........................................................................................................................9 Pilgrimage in modern times .............................................................................................................. 11 Gudbrandsdalsleden – the Camino of Norway .................................................................................. 13 Italy .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Bulgaria......................................................................................................................................... 19 Spain ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Turkey........................................................................................................................................... 19 Romania ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter I Historical relations between religion and tourism .............................................................. 19 1.1. Cultural relations between religion and tourism ................................................................ 19 1.2. Tourism ............................................................................................................................. 26 1.3. Tourist typologies and motivations .................................................................................... 30 1.4. Mobility and geography - the second home of the tourist .................................................. 33 1.5. Transport and tourism ....................................................................................................... 37 1.6. The relationship between transport, recreation and tourism ............................................. 40 1.7. The place of the landscape in tourist geography: a critical assessment............................... 44 1.8. Cultural tourist circuits: goods, places and consumption .................................................... 47 1.9. Tourism as a commodity .................................................................................................... 51 1.10. Tourist places and areas ................................................................................................ 53 1.11. Tourism company: the work process .............................................................................. 56 1.12. Tourism and the theory of regulation............................................................................. 58 Chapter II Pilgrimage in today's world ............................................................................................... 62 2.1. Secular pilgrimage - a contradiction between terms? ............................................................. 67 Chapter III Marketing for hospitality and tourism .............................................................................. 72 3.1. Marketing and tourist hospitality ........................................................................................... 72 3.2. Characteristics of tourism marketing services ......................................................................... 78 3.3. The role of marketing in strategic planning ............................................................................. 80 3.4. Attracting customers and communicating customer value and advertising ............................. 82 1.5. Tourism product promotion: public relations and sales promotions ....................................... 86 1 ФОНДАЦИЯ ЗА РЕГИОНАЛНО РАЗВИТИЕ Erasmus+ Strategic Partnerships. Key Action 2. Sector: Adult Education PROJECT NUMBER: 2018-1-RO01-KA204-049274 Pilgrims Accommodation and New Host Expertise in Rural Areas O2: Training Course Partners: Bulgaria: Fondatsiya za Regionalno razvitie, Vidin: https://www.holysites.me/ Italy: Gal del Ducato Soc. Cons, Parma: http://galdelducato.it/ Norway: Pilgrim Center of Oslo, Oslo: https://pilegrimsleden.cloud5.tibe.no/en/pilegrimsledene Romania: Center for Dialogue between Sciences and Theology, University of Craiova, Spain: ADR Terras de Pontevedra Norte, Lalin: http://ponorte.com/ Turkey: Isparta Governorship, Isparta: http://www.isparta.gov.tr/ 2 Introduction It is said that tourism and pilgrimage are closely linked1. However, the relationship between tourists, religion and the religious contexts to which it refers has been neglected. Why tourists travel to places of religious significance and how they design their travels are important questions for both the study of tourism and the religious space. That is why it is important for both areas to know how tourists engage in religious practice or how they express their spiritual experience in a religious context. In other words, knowing and understanding the experience of "spiritual tourists" is a must. Studying this experience can provide information about the nature of tourist experiences and the role of religion in society. These patterns are found in the form of travel memoirs, in which stories about personal transformation and self-discovery are often formulated according to the same pattern. Even if the experiences and behaviours of tourists are similar to the experiences of pilgrims, they are a relevant starting point, because historically, the interaction between religion and travel has materialized around the same idea. However, when it comes to these journeys, there are always a variety of questions that spiritual tourists ask, because their particular modes of travel are somewhat unique. One of the key factors that make the pilgrimage distinctive is the fact that it is made out of a desire for some form of change and the belief that this change can be found at the place of pilgrimage.2 Tourism, on the other hand, occupies a different functional and social position. In the simplest case we can think of the experience of tourism as being represented by "visiting tourist attractions". Where pilgrimage may seem explicitly religious, tourism may seem explicitly secular. Therefore, pilgrimage and tourism, despite operating on different levels of significance, may have some significant common areas. There may be, for example, tourists who have similar experiences with pilgrims and pilgrims who really cannot be differentiated from tourists. Spiritual tourists are mostly ordinary tourists. However, what represents them is their search for religious experiences. They differ from pilgrims in that they are not necessarily affiliated with the experience of a single religious faith - or at least not in one of the places where they travel as tourists - and that they are not necessarily traveling for reasons similar to pilgrims. Pilgrimage, one of the most well-known religious and cultural phenomena in human society, is an important feature of the world's major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity. The pilgrimage was defined as external because it is "a journey resulting from religious reasons to a holy and internal place for spiritual purposes and self- understanding."3 Today, however, the pilgrimage is perceived differently, being especially a traditional or modern secular journey. The phenomenon of renaissance pilgrimage is now worldwide, as ancient sacred places still act today as always as true magnets for those seeking spiritual fulfillment.4 1See D. MacCannell. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 (1976), pp. 6-11, and E. Cohen. ‘A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences’. Sociology 13, 1979, p. 190. 2See V. Turner. ‘The Center out There: The Pilgrim’s Goal’. History of Religions 12 (3), 1972, pp. 192-197, and I. Reader. INTRODUCERE In I. Reader (ed.). Pilgrimage in Popular Culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993, p.22. 3Barber, R. (1993). Pilgrimages. London: The Boydell Press. p. 1. 4Digance, J. (2003) Pilgrimage at contested sites. Annals of Tourism Research 30, pp. 143–159. 3 Pilgrimage is a type of "circulation", which is a form of mobility of the population. In the first decade of the 21st century, mobility has become a key word, an evocative term and a well-known one, an area of interdisciplinary study with its own strong discourse. The concept of mobility includes large-scale movements of people, objects, capital and information around the world, but also several processes related to daily transport, movement through public space and the movement of material things in everyday life. Movement problems - too little movement, too much movement, the wrong type of movement or poorly timed movement - are of great importance to organizations, governments and people's lives.5 Current tourism studies use a "new mobility paradigm" that provides a conceptual framework for understanding the nature of the tourism phenomenon.6 According to this framework "places are seen as dynamic", as "places of movement". "Places are like ships," says Bærenholdt, "moving and not necessarily staying in one place."7 A recent mobility survey highlights a number