State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis in the field of environmentally-friendly transport infrastructure development State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis in the field of environmentally-friendly transport infrastructure development Part of Output 3.2 Planning Toolkit TRANSGREEN Project “Integrated Transport and Green Infrastructure Planning in the Danube-Carpathian Region for the Benefit of People and Nature” Danube Transnational Programme, DTP1-187-3.1 April 2019 Project co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) www.interreg-danube.eu/transgreen Authors Cristian-Remus Papp (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Romania) Marius Gavril Berchi (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Romania) Contributors Csaba Domokos (Association Milvus Group, Romania) Ivo Dostál (Transport Research Centre, the Czech Republic) Maroš Finka (Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava – SPECTRA Centre for Excellence of EU) Katarína Gáliková (National Motorway Company, Slovakia) Adrian Grancea (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Romania) Barbara Immerová (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme consultant, Slovakia) Ján Kadlečík (State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic) Ivan Koubek (State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic) Radu Moț (Association Zarand, initiator of GreenWEB – Connecting people and landscapes, Romania) Gabriella Nagy (CEEweb for Biodiversity, Hungary) Erzsebét Ohegyi (CEEweb for Biodiversity, Hungary) Vladimír Ondrejička (Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava – SPECTRA Centre for Excellence of EU) Anatoliy Pavelko (Consultant, lawyer, EIA and environmental specialist, Ukraine) Goran Sekulić (WWF Adria, Serbia) Valeria Shcherba (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme, Consultant) Michaela Skuban (State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic) State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis 3 Andrzej Sieminski (Ministry of Infrastructure and Construction, Poland) András Szirányi (National Infrastructure Developing Private Company Ltd., Hungary) Martin Strnad (Nature Conservation Agency, the Czech Republic) Tereza Thompson (State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic) András Weiperth (Szent Istvan University, Hungary) Taras Yamelynets (WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme consultant, Ukraine) Supervision Elke Hahn (Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, IENE – Infra Eco Network Europe Gover- nance Board Member, Member of the Conference of European Directors of Roads) Lazaros Georgiadis (Biologist, Environmental Consultant, IENE – Infra Eco Network Europe Governance Board Member, Greece) Layout and graphic design: Alex Spineanu (Graphic designer, Romania) Marián Špacír (SPECTRA) with the support of Catalina Murariu (WWF Romania) English proofreading: Private Language School BS SCHOOL, Ondrej Straka, BSBA Acknowledgement This publication was elaborated as part of Output 3.2 Planning Toolkit of the TRANSGREEN “Integrated Transport and Green Infrastructure Planning in the Danube Carpathian Region for the Benefit of People and Nature” project (DTP1-187-3.1, January 2017 – June 2019) funded by the Danube Transnational Programme through European Regional Development Funds. Authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all TRANSGREEN project partners and stakeholders within the frame of the Carpathian Convention and trust that they will benefit from the result. Citation Papp, C. R., Berchi, M. G. et al., (2019): State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis in the field of environ- mentally-friendly transport infrastructure development, Danube Transnational Programme TRANS- GREEN Project, WWF Romania, Bucharest, Romania. This publication may be reproduced as a whole or in parts and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without any special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowl- edgement or the resource is made. This publication may in no case be used for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the main author. 4 Project co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) www.interreg-danube.eu/transgreen Disclaimer The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not express views of any single participating organisation, or the views of one individual, nor the positions of the European Union. About TRANSGREEN TRANSGREEN means a better connected Carpathian region with transport infrastructure that takes nature into account. The project aims to contribute to safer and environmentally-friendly road and rail networks that are being developed in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. www.interreg-danube.eu/transgreen Output 3.2 Planning Toolkit consists of the following parts: ◾ Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians - Guidelines how to minimize the impact of transport infra- structure development on nature in the Carpathian countries ◾ TRANSGREEN Policy Recommendations on integrated road and rail transportation planning in the Carpathians ◾ State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis in the field of environmentally-friendly transport infra- structure development ◾ Keeping Nature Connected – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Integrated Green Infra- structure Planning ◾ Public Participation – Scheme for an integrated linear transport infrastructure development/ planning ◾ Tools for registering animal-vehicle collisions State of the Art Report and Gap Analysis 5 Table of contents Foreword 10 1. Introduction 12 1.1 General Context 13 1.2 To whom is the report addressed? 13 2. Legislative Context 14 2.1 European Directives and strategies, relevant conventions 15 2.1.1 EU Nature Directives (FFH, BD) and the Biodiversity Strategy 15 2.1.2 Transportation Directives (road and rail) 16 2.2 Carpathian Convention 21 2.3 ESPOO Convention 22 2.4 National legislation in the field of nature protection and transport infrastructure development 23 2.4.1 The Czech Republic 23 2.4.2 Hungary 25 2.4.3 Poland 26 2.4.4 Romania 27 2.4.5 Serbia 29 2.4.6 Slovakia 29 2.4.7 Ukraine 31 2.5 Environmental procedures 33 2.5.1 SEA procedure 33 2.5.2 EIA procedure 34 2.5.3 AA procedure 34 3. Key Ecological Aspects 36 3.1 Ecological connectivity, networks and corridors 37 3.2 Role and importance of ecological corridors for animal movement and/or dispersal 39 3.3 Main threats to ecological connectivity 51 3.4 Effects of road infrastructure on biodiversity 52 4. Status of Ecological Corridors in the Project Area 56 6 4.1 Ecological corridors in the Czech Republic – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 57 4.2 Ecological corridors in Hungary – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 58 4.3 Ecological corridors in Poland – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 58 4.4 Ecological corridors in Romania – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 59 4.5 Ecological corridors in Serbia – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 59 4.6 Ecological corridors in Slovakia – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 60 4.7 Ecological corridors in Ukraine – status of identification (including the existence of a methodology), protection and management 61 4.8 Final conclusion 61 5. Status of the Road and Railway Network Development in the Project Area 64 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Status of the road network and railway development 66 5.3 Country specific information 71 5.3.1 Romania 71 5.3.2 Slovakia 72 5.3.3 The Czech Republic 73 5.3.4 Hungary 74 5.3.5 Ukraine 75 5.3.6 Poland 76 5.3.7 Serbia 77 6. Effects of Current Road and Rail Transportation on Ecological Corridors in the Project Area 78 6.1 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in the Czech Republic – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 79 7 6.2 Effects of the current roads and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Hungary – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 81 6.3 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Poland – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 82 6.4 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Romania – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 83 6.5 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Serbia – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 84 6.6 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Slovakia – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 85 6.7 Effects of current road and rail transportation on ecological corridors in Ukraine – overlaps between transport infrastructures and ecological corridors, barrier effect and habitat fragmentation, disturbance 86 7. Planning of Highways and Railways in the Project Areas 88 7.1 Minimizing fragmentation through appropriate planning 89 7.2 Planning of highways and railways in individual countries – practices including environmental