WIPO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HANDBOOK WIPO PUBLICATION No. 489 (E) ISBN 978-92-805-1291-5 WIPO 2004 Second Edition Reprinted 2008 Detailed Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction The Concept of Intellectual Property 3 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 4 History 4 Mission and Activities 5 Structure 7 Administration 8 Membership 9 Constitutional Reform 9 Wider Consultation and Outreach 12 Chapter 2 Fields of Intellectual Property Protection Patents 17 Introduction 17 Conditions of Patentability 17 Drafting and Filing a Patent Application 22 Examination of a Patent Application 24 Infringement 27 Exploitation of the Patented Invention 33 Compulsory Licenses 34 Utility Models 40 ii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Copyright and Related Rights 40 Introduction 40 Copyright Protection 41 Subject Matter of Copyright Protection 42 Rights Comprised in Copyright 43 Related Rights 46 Ownership of Copyright 49 Limitations on Copyright Protection 50 Piracy and Infringement 51 Remedies 52 Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions 56 Trends and Experiences in the Protection of TCEs 64 Conceptual and Policy Questions 66 Recent and Possible Future Developments 67 Trademarks 67 Introduction 67 Definitions 68 Signs Which May Serve as Trademarks 70 Criteria of Protectability 71 Protection of Trademark Rights 77 Use Requirements 77 Trademark Registration 79 Removal of the Trademark from the Register 82 Trademark Piracy, Counterfeiting and Imitation of Labels and Packaging 90 Change of Ownership 92 Trademark Licensing 94 Trade Names 96 Franchising 97 Character Merchandising 105 Industrial Designs and Integrated Circuits 112 Industrial Designs 112 Integrated Circuits 118 Geographical Indications 120 Introduction 120 Protection of Geographical Indications on the National Level 122 Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through Multilateral Treaties 124 Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through the Provisions of Bilateral Agreements 129 Protection Against Unfair Competition 130 Introduction 130 The Need for Protection 132 The Legal Basis for Protection 133 The Acts of Unfair Competition 136 Table of contents iii Chapter 3 The Role of Intellectual Property in Development and WIPO’s Development Cooperation Program Objectives of Developing Countries 163 Industrial Property and Development 164 Industrial Property Protection and Development 164 Inventions, Technology and Development 166 The Promotion of Innovation 168 Introduction 168 A Global Approach to Establishing Innovation and Invention Support Structures or Services 169 Implementing and Managing Innovation and Invention Support Structures and Services 170 Innovation Center or Innovation Support Network 170 Licensing and the Transfer of Technology 172 Introduction 172 The Commercial Transfer and Acquisition of Technology 172 Negotiation of Licensing Agreements 178 Remuneration 184 Types of Intellectual Property Licenses 188 Government Control of Licensing Agreements 193 Copyright and Development 195 The Development Cooperation Program of WIPO 196 Introduction 196 Objectives 196 Development Cooperation in Relation to Intellectual Property 197 The WIPO Worldwide Academy 202 Chapter 4 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights, Copyright and Related Rights 207 Introduction 207 Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights in General 208 Enforcement of Patent Rights 211 Enforcement of Copyright and Related Rights 213 Activities Within WIPO Concerning Enforcement 219 Enforcement Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 220 iv WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Intellectual Property Litigation 220 Introduction 220 Review of Industrial Property Office Decisions 220 Infringement Actions 225 Remedies 228 Arbitration and Mediation of Intellectual Property Disputes 230 Alternative Dispute Resolution 230 Enforcement in the International Context 231 WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center 232 WIPO Internet Domain Name Dispute Resolution 234 Chapter 5 International Treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 241 History 241 Principal Provisions 242 Administrative and Financial Provisions 259 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 262 History 262 Principal Provisions 262 The Latest (Paris) Act of the Convention 265 Administration 266 Developing Countries and the Berne Convention 267 The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 269 Introduction 269 Legal Nature of the WCT and its Relationship with Other International Treaties 269 Substantive Provisions of the WCT 270 Administrative Provisions 276 The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 276 Introduction 276 The Functioning of the PCT System 278 Advantages of the PCT System 282 Table of contents v The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 285 Background to the Treaty 285 Summary of the Treaty 285 Main Advantages of the Treaty 286 The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement 287 Introduction 287 The Functioning of the System of International Registration 288 Becoming Party to the Agreement or Protocol 292 Advantages of the System 292 The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs 293 Introduction 293 The Principle of International Deposit 293 Main Provisions of the Hague Agreement 293 Benefits of Accession to the Hague Agreement 295 The Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement 296 The Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) 297 Introduction 297 Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations 297 The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) 301 Introduction 301 Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations 301 Advantages of the PLT 305 Treaties on Classification 305 Introduction 305 The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification 305 The Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks 308 The Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks 311 The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs 313 Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights: The International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (the “Rome Convention”) 314 Introduction 314 Relation Between the Protection of Related Rights and Copyright 315 Principal Provisions 316 vi WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use The Implementation of the Rome Convention 319 The Rome Convention and Developing Countries 319 Other Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights 320 The Other Special Conventions 320 Reasons for and Purposes of the Special Conventions 321 Main Features of the Special Conventions 322 Substantive Provisions of the Phonograms Convention 323 Substantive Provisions of the Satellites Convention 323 The Phonograms and Satellites Conventions and Developing Countries 324 The WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 325 Introduction 325 Legal Nature of the WPPT and its Relationship with Other International Treaties 325 Substantive Provisions of the WPPT 326 Administrative Provisions 331 Audiovisual Performances 331 The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 331 Introduction 331 The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 332 The 1991 Act of the UPOV Convention 335 Developments in Plant Variety Protection 345 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS”) and WIPO-WTO Cooperation 345 Introduction 345 General Provisions, Basic Principles and Final Provisions (Parts I and VII) 347 Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights (Part II) 349 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (Part III) 355 Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Procedures (Part IV) 356 Dispute Prevention and Settlement (Part V) 357 Cooperation between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization 357 Progressive Development of International Intellectual Property Law 360 Introduction 360 The Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions for the Protection of Well-Known Marks 361 The Joint Recommendation Concerning Trademark Licenses 361 The Joint Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet 362 Table of contents vii Chapter 6 Administration and Teaching of Intellectual Property Administration of Industrial Property 367 Introduction 367 Administrative Structure in the Industrial Property Office 368 The Patent Office 369 The Trademark Office 372 The Industrial Designs Office 375 Intergovernmental Cooperation 376 Administration Of Copyright and Related Rights 386 The Role of Public Authorities in Copyright and Related Rights 386 Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights 387 The Patent and Trademark Attorney 401 Introduction 401 The Functions of a Patent Agent 401 Corporate Patent Attorneys 411 Associations of Patent Agents 413 The Functions of a Trademark Agent 415 Skills and Knowledge of a Patent Agent 420 The Teaching of Intellectual Property Law 421 Introduction 421 Intellectual Property Teaching Programs 422 Selecting Intellectual Property Courses 425 Choosing Teaching Materials