Marek Więckowski Daniel Michniak Branislav Chrenka Vladimír Ira Tomasz Komornicki Piotr Rosik Vladimír Székely Przemysław Śleszyński Rafał Wiśniewski THE POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVED ACCESSIBILITY AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE POLISHSLOVAK BORDERLAND Conditions, Recommendations and Good Practices Instytut Geografi i i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Polska Akademia Nauk Geografi cký ústav Slovenská akadémia vied Warszawa – Bratislava 2012 http://rcin.org.pl A project co-fi nanced by the European Union’s European Regional Development Fund as part of the Cross-Border Co-operation Programme Republic of Poland – Slovak Republic 2007–2013 Th e volume is a product of Project No. WTSL.02.01.00-14-087/08: Infrastructure and organization used for improving the space-availability factor in the developing Polish-Slovak tourist regions Research fi nanced from the research budget of 2012 allocated for international co-fi nanced projects English translation by: Ewa Basiura, Hana Contrerasová, Krzysztof Kowalczyk, Zuzana Miklošiková Edited by: Marek Więckowski Cartography by: Przemysław Śleszyński Cover design: CREARTA; http://www.crearta.com/ Cover photo: Marek Więckowski © Instytut Geografi i i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN, Warszawa 2012 © Geografi cký ústav SAV, Bratislava 2012 ISBN 978-83-615890-80-4 Typeset by: Studio DeTePe, Paweł Rusiniak Printed and bound: Poligrafi a Inspektoratu Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, ul. Bałuckiego 8, 30-318 Kraków http://rcin.org.pl TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . 5 2. SELECTED TOURISM AND TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS . 6 2.1. Projected Changes of Demand as a Result of Road System Development . 6 2.2. Organisation of Public Transport . 9 2.3. Utilization of the EU Funds to Transport Infrastructure Development . 12 2.4. How to Build an Optimum Transport Network for Tourism Purposes . 15 2.5. Changes in Society and Tourism . 17 2.6. Seasonality of Tourism . 18 2.7. Spatial Disproportions and Eff orts to Overcome Th em – Overconcentration of Tourism and its Deepening . 22 2.8. Th e Role of Demand and Supply for Tourism Development – Selected Methodology Examples . 25 2.9. Competition-Complementarity-Cooperation . 33 2.10. Coordination of the Development and Promotion of Tourism in Regions of Slovakia . 35 2.11. Concept of Clusters and Cluster Initiatives . 35 2.12. Tourism, Sustainability and Environmental Impacts . 38 2.13. Perception of the Potential of Tourism and Transport Accessibility of the Polish-Slovak Borderland by the Representatives of Local Government . 42 2.14. Perception of Tourism and Accessibility from the point of view of Tourists . 44 3. TRANSPORT- AND ACCESSIBILITY-RELATED CONDITIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIVIDUAL POLISH POVIATS AND SLOVAK OKRESES . 48 3.1. Th e Śląskie voivodship . 49 Bielsko-Biała Poviat . 49 Cieszyn Poviat . 50 Pszczyna Poviat . 50 Żywiec Poviat . 51 3.2. Th e Małopolska voivoidship . 51 Gorlice Poviat . 51 Limanowa Poviat . 52 Myślenice Poviat . 52 Nowy Sącz Poviat . 53 Nowy Targ Poviat . 53 Oświęcim Poviat . 54 Sucha Beskidzka Poviat . 55 Tatra Poviat . 55 Wadowice Poviat . 56 3.3. Th e Podkarpackie voivodship . 56 Bieszczady Poviat . 56 Brzozów Poviat . 57 Jarosław Poviat . 57 Jasło Poviat . 57 Krosno Poviat . 58 3 http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI Lesko Poviat . 58 Lubaczów Poviat . 59 Przemyśl Poviat . 59 Przeworsk Poviat . 59 Rzeszów Poviat . 60 Sanok Poviat . 60 Strzyżów Poviat . 61 3.4. Th e Žilina kraj . 61 Bytča Okres . 61 Čadca Okres . 61 Dolný Kubín Okres . 62 Kysucké Nové Mesto Okres . 62 Liptovský Mikuláš Okres . 63 Martin Okres . 63 Námestovo Okres . 64 Ružomberok Okres . 64 Turčianske Teplice Okres . 64 Tvrdošín Okres . 64 Žilina Okres . 65 3.5. Th e Prešov kraj . 65 Bardejov Okres . 65 Humenné Okres . 66 Kežmarok Okres . 66 Levoča Okres . 67 Medzilaborce Okres . 67 Poprad Okres . 67 Prešov Okres . 68 Sabinov Okres . ..