M. Sandy Hershcovis, Tara C. Reich, and Karen Niven Workplace bullying: causes, consequences, and intervention strategies Working paper Original citation: Hershcovis, M. Sandy, Reich, Tara C. and Niven, Karen (2015) Workplace bullying: causes, consequences, and intervention strategies. SIOP White Paper Series, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, UK, London Originally available from Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66031/ Available in LSE Research Online: April 2016 © 2015 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. SIOP White Paper Series Workplace Bullying: Causes, Consequences, and Intervention Strategies M. Sandy Hershcovis - University of Manitoba Tara C. Reich - London School of Economics and Political Science Karen Niven - University of Manchester A White Paper prepared by the International Affairs Committee of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 440 E Poe Rd, Suite 101 Bowling Green, OH 43402 With support of the Alliance for Organizational Psychology (AOP) Copyright 2015 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. SIOP White Paper Series Special thanks to the White Papers Subcommittee of the SIOP International Af- fairs Committee (IAC): Angelo DeNisi (Chair) and Lynda Zugec. We also wish to express our appreciation to the IAC White Paper Series Board: John C. Scott, Stuart C. Carr, and Soo Min Toh. Table of Contents Authors ................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 4 Why Do People Bully at Work? ............................................................................... 5 Perpetrator Characteristics .............................................................................. 6 Target Characteristics ...................................................................................... 6 Situational Characteristics ............................................................................... 8 What Are the Consequences of Workplace Bullying? ............................................. 9 Human Costs ................................................................................................... 9 Organizational Costs ..................................................................................... 10 Spillover/Crossover Costs ............................................................................. 10 Cultural Considerations ......................................................................................... 11 What Can Organizations and Victims Do About Workplace Bullying? .................. 13 Primary Interventions ..................................................................................... 13 Secondary Interventions ................................................................................ 14 Tertiary Interventions ..................................................................................... 14 Practical recommendations ................................................................................... 15 References ........................................................................................................... 16 2 SIOP White Paper Series Authors M. Sandy Hershcovis University of Manitoba (University of Calgary beginning January 1, 2015) Sandy Hershcovis conducts research on the psychology of workplace ag- gression (e.g., abusive supervision, workplace incivility, workplace bully- ing), sexual harassment, and worker well-being. She is currently coediting a book on the research and theory of workplace aggression for Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Her research has been published in such outlets as the Journal of Ap- plied Psychology, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, and the Journal of Oc- cupational and Organizational Psychology. Tara C. Reich London School of Economics and Political Science Tara Reich is an assistant professor in the Department of Management at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She received her BA (Hons, 2005) in Psychology from the University of Western Ontario and her MA (2007) in Social Psychology and her PhD (2011) in Organiza- tional Behaviour from the University of Manitoba. Reich’s research focuses on employee reactions to witnessed mistreatment. She has published her work in the Journal of Applied Psychology, the Journal of Organizational Behaviour, and Work & Stress. Karen Niven University of Manchester [email protected] Karen Niven (PhD, University of Sheffield, UK) is an associate professor of Organizational Psychology. Her research focuses on emotion regula- tion and workplace aggression, and uses a variety of methods, including diary studies, social network analysis, and field experiments. She has published her work in journals such as Human Relations, Journal of Occupational and Organiza- tional Psychology, and Journal of Business Ethics, and has edited a popular sci- ence book on emotion. 3 SIOP White Paper Series Workplace bullying is detrimental to employees and organizations, yet in a meta-analytic review of studies representing a range of countries (North America, Scandinavian, and other European), ap- proximately 15% of employees report being victimized at work (Nielsen, Matthiesen, & Einarsen, 2010). Workplace bullying is de- fined as repeated exposure, over a period of time, to negative acts such as abuse, teasing, ridicule, and social exclusion (Einarsen, 2000). Researchers have traditionally conceptualized bullying to in- volve face-to-face interactions; however, the increasing use of tech- nology in the workplace has seen a rise in “cyberbullying,” whereby employees may be victimized over email or social networking web- sites (Weatherbee, 2010). Though bullying behaviors can originate from anyone at work (e.g., coworkers, supervisors, or subordinates), more often than not, the perpetrator has more power or perceived power than the target (Mikkelsen & Einarsen, 2002). In addition to research examining workplace bullying, a broad literature has started to develop that examines highly related constructs, including abusive supervision (abusive behavior from supervisors; Tepper, 2000), social undermining (negative be- havior that interferes with a target’s abilities to maintain positive relationships at work; Duffy, Ganster, & Pagon, 2002), and incivility (low intensity deviant acts with ambigu- ous intent to harm the target; Andersson & Pearson, 1999). Although these constructs all differ conceptually, meta-analytic research that compares these constructs against a series of consequences has found that, by and large, there is little to no difference in the magnitude of consequences from these different constructs (Hershcovis, 2011). As a result, we use terms like “bullying” and “aggression” interchangeably to refer to the range of aggression constructs studied in this literature. Some common examples of workplace bullying behaviors include: Taking away responsibility from someone or replacing it with more unpleas- ant tasks Ignoring someone’s opinions Persistently criticizing someone’s work Spreading gossip or rumors about someone Ignoring or excluding someone at work Hinting to someone that they should quit their job 4 SIOP White Paper Series Over the past 2 decades, researchers have examined extensively the predictors and consequences of workplace bullying. This body of research has found that predictors of workplace bullying typically fall into three broad categories: (a) perpetrator charac- teristics, (b) target characteristics, and (c) situational characteristics. Similarly, the consequences of workplace bullying have a range of costs including: (a) human costs, (b) organizational costs, and (c) spillover costs. The purpose of this white paper is to examine the key predictors and consequences of workplace bullying within each of the above categories. We will then discuss rec- ommendations aimed to help organizations and individuals prevent and cope with workplace bullying. “Although personality is indeed one factor that predicts this type of behavior, workplace bullying does not occur in a social vacuum.” Why Do People Bully at Work? This is a simple question with a complex answer. It is tempting to assume that bully- ing is a function of perpetrator personality. Although personality is indeed one factor that predicts this type of behavior, workplace bullying does not occur in a social vacu- um. Rather, it occurs in the context of an organizational environment that may aggra- vate or mitigate the incidence of workplace bullying. Workplace bullying also occurs in the context of a relationship, and both members contribute to that relationship. Therefore, the perpetrator–target relationship is likely to influence the enactment and experience of workplace bullying