Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69534-3 — The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Geoffrey Samuel Index More Information Index Abhayadatta 329 Alexander 33, 60, 63, 79 Abhayakaragupta¯ 292, 329 Ali, Daud 272–3, 275, 347 Abhidharma Pit.aka 31, 216 Allchin, B. 47 Abhidharmako´sa 220 Allchin, B. and F. R. 3 Abhinavagupta 224, 235, 253, 270, 283, 325, 326, Allchin, F. R. 55 327, 341, 349 Allen, N. 87, 162 aborigines 52 alpana 96 see also floor-painting, ritual Acala 313 Alter, J. 181, 336 Achaemenid 26, 47, 50, 60, 63, 74, 75, 79–80 Amaravat¯ ¯ı 197, 330 see also Iran; Persian Ambat..tha Sutta 68 Adi-Buddha¯ 218 Ambedkar Buddhism 344–5 Adityas¯ 96, 117 Am. bika¯ 112, 205 Advaita Vedanta 217 Amitabha¯ 216, 220, 225–6, 227 Afghanistan 54, 199, 212 Amitayurdhy¯ ana¯ Sutra¯ 219 Africa 43, 66, 82, 98, 116 amman goddesses 248 age-sets, East African 116 Amoghavajra 310, 312 cult-associations, West African 82, 180, 346 An¯ ap¯ anasati¯ Sutta 139 Agastya 157 Andaya, B. W. 186 Agathocles 203 Andhra Pradesh 83, 84 aggression, cultural approaches to 189, 190 Anga˙ 58–60 aghori 130 Angkor 200 Agni 67, 76, 156, 249 Angulim˙ ala¯ 245 Agni Puran¯. a 305 Angulim˙ ala¯ Sutta 131 agricultural societies 74, 98, 107, 344 aniconic 112 agriculture 42–5, 47, 49 animal sacrifice 97 Ahura Mazda¯ 74–5, 80, 97 Aniruddha (Burmese king) 322 Ajanta 142 anthropology, social and cultural 13, 19, 66, 149 Ajata¯ ´satru 56, 60 Anuttarayoga see Tantra Ajivikas¯ 26, 60, 75, 82, 120–1, 124, 130, 135, 174, Apastamba¯ Dharmasutra¯ 122 197 apsaras¯ 6, 8, 63, 74 see also ´sraman. a and ascetics 181 Aks.obhya 220, 225, 226 Arakan 201, 309, 344–5 alchemy 331 Aran¯ . yakas 24, 25, 203 Chinese 280 archaeology 22–3, 36–7, 42 inner see subtle body Archer, W. 273, 303 Islamic 278 Ardoxsho 109, 205, 248 Jaina 332 arhat 162 medical 275 ari monks of Burma 322 origins of 278–85 aripan 96 see also floor-painting, ritual outer see rasayana¯ Artha´sastra¯ 29, 237, 347 physical 306 see also rasayana¯ arya¯ 48, 55, 97, 164 see also Aryan 402 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69534-3 — The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Geoffrey Samuel Index More Information Index 403 Arya Samaj 16 ay¯ agapat¯ .a 108 Aryan 48, 49, 55–6, 58, 68, 77, 80, 100 see also Ayodhya¯ 13, 50, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 215 see also arya¯ Saketa¯ Aryan invasion model 61, 343 Ayurveda¯ 275, 278–9, 282 Aryan origins 17, 19, 20 Ayutthaya 215 as.a 163 Ayyapan 185 Asanga˙ 199, 217, 220, 274–5, 287, 288, 341 Aziz, B. 235 ascetic Brahmanical 120, 122–3, 153–64, 173, 174, 205 Babylon 80 culture, early shared 124, 265 Bactria 97, 195, 199, 203 female 125, 126, 182–3 Bahubali¯ 63 male 182–3 Bailey, G. and Mabbett, I. 175–6, 179, 180, movements 48, 75, 88, 113, 119, 194 see also 239–40, 347 ´sraman. a Bailey, H. 239–40 non-Brahmanical see Ajivikas;¯ Buddhism; Bakker, H. 24, 30, 71, 204, 226 Jainas; ´sraman. a Balarama¯ 101, 202–3 see also Sam. kars.an. a Saiva´ ascetics placing themselves outside Bali 152, 194, 233, 313, 314, 320–1, 322, 324, 337 society 252 Bamiy¯ an¯ 199, 212, 215 asceticism 119, 161, 164, 173, 189 Ban¯ . a 233, 293 and militarism 127 Bangladesh Asia Buddhist monasteries 193–4 Central 199, 295, 343 Barong 320 East 194, 306–7, 309–13, 334 Barth, F. 346 Southeast 47, 169, 174, 194, 197, 200–1, 240, Barua, B. 144 295, 343, 345 Baul¯ 232, 246, 253, 285, 335 highland populations 92 Bayly, S. 85, 166 A¯´smaka 60 bcud len 278 A´soka 33, 60, 72, 127, 174 Bechert, H. 34 A´sokan inscriptions 80, 145 Beck, G. 254 a¯´sramas, four 123, 153, 158, 160 belief, identification of religion with 17 asrava¯ 136–7 Belo, J. 320 Assaka see A¯´smaka Benard, E. 232 Assam 199 Bengal 246, 253, 293, 329 As.t.amatr¯ .ka¯ see Matr¯ .ka¯ goddesses Delta 50, 63, 76, 79, 81–2, 184, 185, 343 see also astrology 81 Ganges Delta astronomy, in Kalacakra¯ Tantra 331 East 199, 344–5 asura 74, 97, 216 Bernbaum, E. 330 A´svaghos.a 197 Besnagar 193–4, 203 see also Vidi´sa¯ a´svamedha 73, 98, 113, 117, 209 Beyer, S. 277, 287, 319 At¯.an¯ at¯.iya Sutta 142, 145 Bhagavadg¯ıta¯ 67, 202, 203, 210–11 Atharvaveda 24–5, 51, 64, 161, 232, 237–8, 249, Bhagavata¯ 36, 202–3, 256 251, 297 Bhagavata¯ Puran¯. a 63, 91, 162 hymns to battle-drums 236 bhagin¯ıtantra 260 see also Tantra, yogin¯ı class transmission of 237 Bhairava (deity) 114, 152, 243–6, 266, 298, Vratyak¯ an¯. d. a 237, 238, 242 315–17, 319, 321 Ati´sa 264, 292, 295, 329, 334 becoming Bhairava 270 Atre, S. 3, 6–7 Tantras of Bhairava 254 auspiciousness 91, 93, 107–9, 110, 147, 159, Bhairavas (ascetics) 243 166–9, 344, 345 Bhais.ajyaguru 306–7 Austroasiatic 54 Bhaktapur 297, 315 avadhuti¯ 246 bhakti 15, 210, 325, 344 Avalokite´svara 212 Bharadv¯ aja¯ 123, 150 Avanti 49–50, 58 Bharata 63, 90 Avatam. saka Sutra¯ 199, 217 Bharati, Agehananda 281 Avestan 26–7, 80, 95, 97 Bhargavas¯ 67, 72, 209 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69534-3 — The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Geoffrey Samuel Index More Information 404 Index Bharhut¯ 141, 142–5 Brahmins 55, 56, 67, 75, 76, 83, 86–7, 88, 99, 100 bhikkhu 186, 188, 189 and purity 165, 345 bhiks.u 130 as authorities for domestic ritual 164–5, 344 bhrumadhya¯ 284 jat.ila Brahmins 122, 125–6, 153–4, 177 Bhubaneswar 240 land grants to Brahmins 77 bhuta 319 semi-ascetic style, evolution of 164, 165, 184, Bhutan 346 188–9 Biardeau, M. 7, 160, 257 sponsorship of Brahmins by kings 78, 165–6 Bihar 293 varieties of 153–4, 177 Bimbisara¯ 60 Brahmo Samaj 16 bindu 284 breathing, mindfulness of 139 Black Slipped Ware 45 Brereton, J. 95 Blezer, H. 260 Br.hadaran¯ . yaka Upanis.ad 69, 114, 117, 123, 225, Bodhgaya¯ 112 282 bodhi 1, 119 sexual rituals and practices 282 bodhicitta 246 Briggs, G. 326, 332 identified with sexual substances 287, 350 Brockington, J. 27, 29–30, 68, 208, 221 Bodhipathaprad¯ıpa 329 Bronkhorst, J. 120–1, 122, 123, 125, 126, 134–5, bodhisattva 137, 216, 221, 222 ideal 350 Brooks, D. 254, 326, 335 vow 217 Brown, C. H. 167 body Brown, M. F. 233–4 channels within 221 see also sus.umn. a¯ Bryant, E. and Patton, L. 54 open model of 221 bSam-yas 307 transfer of consciousness into another 221, BSP see Black Slipped Ware 223, 340, 342 Buchanan, F. 336 Bogar 276, 281 Buddha Bollee,´ W. 115, 124, 127, 128, 183, 184, 340 accessing power of 228 Bollywood 233 and Brahmins 87 Bon religion 194 as term for enlightened being 70 Bouillier, V. 127–8, 343 bodies of 286 Brahma¯ 56, 99, 140, 150, 243–5 colossal statues of 215 brahmacarin¯ 116–17, 122, 158–9, 160–1, 185, historical (S´akyamuni)¯ 31, 32, 33, 54, 58, 60, 189 68, 76, 81, 100, 101, 120–2, 151, 154, 173, as cultural ideal 185, 343, 348 225–6, 308 brahmacarya 132 original teachings of 133–40 brahman 163–4, 217 predecessors of historical Buddha 347 Brahman¯ . as 24, 25, 58, 65, 97, 114, 156, 161, 162, revised dating for 32, 34, 50, 60, 75, 125, 126 202, 203, 232, 237, 281 see also Jaimin¯ıya Buddhaghosa 218–19 Brahman¯ . a, Satapatha´ Brahman¯ . a Buddhas Brahmanical of four directions 225–6 see also man. d. ala of asceticism see ascetic, Brahmanical five tathagatas¯ cultural pattern 151, 165–72, 193 Buddhism 1, 9, 10, 15–18, 25, 50, 60, 64, 68, 70, law-codes 207 see also Dharma Sutras¯ 75, 82–3, 84, 100–1, 119–26, 127–31, 169, religion and culture 1, 9, 21–2, 24–30, 34, 48, 174, 211–16 see also ´sraman. a 58, 61, 79, 83, 84 and Brahmanical ascetics 154, 163–4 expansion of 76–9 as a state religion 146, 194, 215 ritual, in Buddhist states 215 attraction of Tantric techniques for 270 scholarship 163 Hinayana¯ 212 texts 56, 98 historical relation to Jainas 125, 126 tradition, reasons for survival 345 Mahay¯ ana¯ 15, 199, 212–14, 215 brahmavihara¯ 135, 174, 222, 223 modernist versions of 10 Brahm¯ ¯ı script 80 monasteries and temples in early Southeast Brahmin-killing 169 Asia 193–4 Brahminisation 171 monasteries and temples in South Asia 193–4 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69534-3 — The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Geoffrey Samuel Index More Information Index 405 not a protest against Brahmanical caste Cambyses 80 system 100 Campa¯ (Northeast India) 43, 58, 126 origins of Buddhist sangha˙ 175–80 Camun¯ . d.a¯ 246, 247, 251–2, 319 persecution of, in China 201 can. d. ala¯ 88 philosophical schools 216–18 Can. d.al¯ ¯ı (goddess) 251, 286 and meditation 216 can. d. al¯ ¯ı (low-caste woman) 245–6 reason for disappearance in India 344–5 Candragupta II 251 religion of the countryside 194, 213 Candragupta Maurya 33, 60 Tantric 104 see also Vajrayana¯ Candravam. ´sa see dynasties, Lunar and Solar Theravada¯ 15, 16–17, 31, 138, 212, 309, 314, 323, Cardona, G.