ISS MONOGRAPH 174 Th is monograph is a study of the security sector in six Southern African countries, namely Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. It highlights the strengths and challenges of the various institutions that make Th e security sector up the security sector, including defence, police, Cette monographie est une étude portant sur le prisons, intelligence, private security, oversight secteur de sécurité dans six pays d’Afrique australe, bodies and the policy and legal frameworks in Southern Africa à savoir le Botswana, la République Démocratique under which they operate. Th e monograph THE SECURITY SECTOR IN SOUTHERN AFRICA du Congo, le Lesotho, le Mozambique, l’Afrique represents an attempt to provide baseline data du Sud et le Zimbabwe. Elle fait le point sur les on the security institutions in the region so that forces et les faiblesses des diverses institutions formant le secteur de sécurité à savoir la défense, la we can better determine where security sector police, les prisons, les renseignements, la sécurité reform measures are needed. Th e functioning privée, les agences de surveillance de même que of national security institutions is enhanced by les cadres politiques et légaux qui les régissent. the their harmonization at a regional level. Th e La monographie constitue une tentative de monograph therefore begins with an overview fournir des données de base sur les institutions of SADC’s Organ of Politics, Defence and de sécurité de la région afi n de nous permettre Security Cooperation. de mieux déterminer les domaines dans lesquels la réforme est nécessaire. Une harmonisation des institutions de sécurité nationale au niveau régional en renforcera le fonctionnement. Par conséquent, la monographie commencera par un passage en revue des organes de coopération en matière de politique, de défense et de sécurité de la ISS Monograph No 174 zone SADC. ISBN 978-1-920422-22-6 9 781920 422226 This monograph was made possible through funding provided by the Department for International Development (DFID). In addition, general Institute funding is provided Edited by Cheryl Hendricks and Takawira Musavengana by the governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Th e security sector in Southern Africa Edited by Cheryl Hendricks and Takawira Musavengana Monograph 174 October 2010 Contents Acknowledgements . v About the authors . .vi Glossary . ix Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 Methodology . 3 Major fi ndings . 5 Chapter 2 Southern African Development Community's regional peace and security architecture . 11 Background . 12 Structure of the SADC Organ . 15 Key security-related instruments of the SADC Organ . 17 Civil society engagement with the SADC Organ . 33 Key challenges and recommendations . 35 Chapter 3 Botswana . 37 Political overview . 37 Constitutional, policy and legal frameworks . 40 Defence . 44 Police . 45 Correctional services . 47 Private security . 49 Monograph 174 i The security sector in Souhern Africa Independent oversight and accountability . 50 Role of civil society . 55 Key challenges and recommendations . 57 Chapter 4 Democratic Republic of Congo . 59 Political overview . 59 Constitutional, policy and legal frameworks . 61 Defence . 64 Policing . 66 Justice and penal sectors . 71 Private security . 74 Independent oversight and accountability . 75 Role of civil society . 79 Key challenges and recommendations . 80 Chapter 5 Lesotho . 81 Political overview . 81 Constitutional, policy and legal frameworks . 82 Defence . 84 Policing . 85 Justice . 86 Correctional services . 87 Private security . 89 Independent oversight and accountability . 90 Role of civil society . 95 Key challenges and recommendations . 97 Chapter 6 Mozambique . 99 Political overview . 99 Constitutional, policy and legal frameworks . 100 Defence . 102 Policing . 103 ii Institute for Security Studies Edited by Cheryl Hendricks and Takawira Musavengana Correctional services . .105 Judiciary . 107 Independent oversight and accountability . 108 Role of civil society . 111 Key challenges and recommendations . 114 Chapter 7 South Africa . 117 Political overview . 117 Constitutional, policy and legal frameworks . ..