A Sociophonetic Study on Tonal Variation of the Wúxī and Shànghǎi Dialects Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: a typical river scene in the Wú area. The photo is taken by Pengfei Zhang and edited by Jingwei Zhang. ISBN: 978-94-6093-152-9 NUR 616 Copyright © 2014: Jingwei Zhang. All rights reserved. A Sociophonetic Study on Tonal Variation of the Wúxī and Shànghǎi Dialects Een sociofonetisch onderzoek naar toonvariatie in de dialecten van Wúxī en Shànghǎi (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 17 oktober 2014 des ochtends te 12.45 uur door Jingwei Zhang geboren op 14 mei 1985 te Wúxī, China Promotor: Prof. dr. R.W.J. Kager Co-promotor: Dr. H. Van de Velde This dissertation was partly accomplished with financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). To my parents 致我的父母 Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ i Conventions .................................................................................................... i List of Tables ................................................................................................ iii List of Figures .............................................................................................. ix Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 1 1.1. Topic: urbanization and language change ...................................................... 1 1.2. Goals and scope .............................................................................................. 4 1.3. Outline of the dissertation ............................................................................. 13 Chapter 2. General background and literature review ........................... 15 2.1. Tonal notation ................................................................................................ 15 2.2. An introduction to the Wú Dialects ................................................................ 17 2.3. Linguistic Variables: from the phenomenon Zhuó Shǎng Guī Qù ................. 20 2.3.1. Tone system in MC ................................................................................ 20 2.3.2. The development of MC tones into modern dialects ............................. 22 2.3.3. Zhuó Shǎng Guī Qù ............................................................................... 25 2.4. Speech Communities and past tonal developments ....................................... 27 2.4.1. The speech community of Shànghǎi ...................................................... 27 2.4.2. Past tonal development in Shànghǎi ...................................................... 32 2.4.2.1. The development of citation tone ................................................... 32 2.4.2.2. The development of tone sandhi ..................................................... 37 2.4.3. The speech community of Wúxī ............................................................ 41 2.4.4. Past tonal development in Wúxī ............................................................. 43 2.4.4.1. The development of citation tone ................................................... 43 2.4.4.2. The development of tone sandhi ..................................................... 45 Chapter 3. Methodology ............................................................................. 51 3.1. Participants ................................................................................................... 51 3.1.1. Age ......................................................................................................... 52 3.1.2. Space ...................................................................................................... 53 3.1.3. Sex .......................................................................................................... 54 3.1.4. Socioeconomic status ............................................................................. 55 3.1.5. Ethnicity ................................................................................................. 55 3.1.6. Social factors .......................................................................................... 56 3.2. Participant recruitment ................................................................................. 57 3.3. Recording ....................................................................................................... 59 3.4. Speech material ............................................................................................. 60 3.4.1. Research design ...................................................................................... 60 3.4.2. Monosyllabic morphemes ...................................................................... 61 3.4.3. Bisyllabic words ..................................................................................... 65 3.4.4. Minimal pairs ......................................................................................... 71 3.4.5. Paragraph reading ................................................................................... 72 3.4.6. Structured interview ............................................................................... 74 3.4.7. Linguistic factors .................................................................................... 74 3.5. Statistical modeling ....................................................................................... 77 3.5.1. Drawbacks to VARBRUL ...................................................................... 77 3.5.2. Mixed modeling procedures ................................................................... 79 Chapter 4. Acoustic measurement of tone in the Wú Dialects ................ 81 4.1. Tonal segmentation: the domain of tone in the Wú dialects .......................... 81 4.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 81 4.1.2. Test on the initial voiced consonants ...................................................... 84 4.1.2.1. Data and methods ........................................................................... 84 4.1.2.2. Results ............................................................................................. 86 4.1.3. Tests on the prenuclear onglide and the final nasal consonant ............... 88 4.1.3.1. Data and methods ........................................................................... 88 4.1.3.2. Results ............................................................................................. 89 4.1.4. Procedures for tonal segmentation ......................................................... 92 4.2. F0 measurement and the transcription of tone .............................................. 93 4.2.1. F0 measurement of tone .......................................................................... 93 4.2.2. The transcription of tone ........................................................................ 94 4.3. F0 normalization ............................................................................................ 97 4.3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 97 4.3.2. Evaluation of tone normalization methods ............................................ 98 4.3.2.1. Previous evaluations on tone normalization methods ..................... 98 4.3.2.2. Using discriminant analysis to evaluate tone normalization methods ..................................................................................................................... 99 4.3.2.3. Selecting and evaluating the dataset for the LDA analysis ........... 102 4.3.3. Description of tone normalization methods ......................................... 106 4.3.4. Results .................................................................................................. 110 4.3.4.1. Preserving phonemic variation ..................................................... 110 4.3.4.2. Minimizing anatomically-based variation .................................... 112 4.3.4.3. Preserving sociolinguistic variation .............................................. 114 4.3.4.4. Summary of the LDA results: selection of ST-AvgF0 ................... 117 4.4. Phonation measurements .............................................................................. 119 4.4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 119 4.4.2. Acoustic analyses on parameters for distinguishing phonation types .. 121 Chapter 5. Tonal variation in Wúxī ........................................................ 125 5.1. Identifying linguistic variables of citation tone ........................................... 125 5.1.1. Falling and level tones ......................................................................... 126 5.1.2. T4 ......................................................................................................... 128 5.1.3. T2 and T6 ............................................................................................. 131 5.1.4. Summary .............................................................................................. 134 5.2. Analyzing