Student thesis series INES nr. 438 Methodology for creating historical land use databases – a case study for ICOS- station Hyltemossa, Sweden Adriana Bota 2017 Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Sölvegatan 12 S-223 62 Lund Sweden Adriana Bota (2017). Methodology for creating historical land use database – a case study for ICOS-station Hyltemossa, Sweden Metod för att skapa historiska markanvändningsdatabas - en fallstudie om ICOS-stationen Hyltemossa, Sverige Master degree thesis, 30 credits in Geomatics Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University Level: Master of Science (MSc) Course duration: September 2016 until March 2017 Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a program of study at the University of Lund. All views and opinions expressed herein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. ii Methodology for creating historical land use databases – a case study for ICOS-station Hyltemossa, Sweden Adriana Bota Master thesis, 30 credits, in Geomatics Lars Harrie Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University Examiners: Maj-Lena Linderson, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Harry Lankreijer, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science iii Abstract This thesis studies how modern spatio temporal databases of land use changes can be created based on historical maps. The entire study was conducted based on the available maps over the study area, in southern Sweden. The research was conducted in such a manner that it presents to what extent can land use changes affect biodiversity and climate change. The thesis is not focused on what are the drivers for land use conversions, but rather how could changes in land use be easier identified when working with a set of (historical) maps over the same area. Based on a very first decision, in terms of what land use data can be used in further studies by different research communities, a study was conducted as to determinate what are the available historical sources. A database was created, containing land use data, classified accordingly to modern international land cover classification, extracted from historical maps, during the time frame 1812 - 2006. Considering the needs in terms of land use conversion for the biodiversity and carbon modeling communities, analyzing tools were developed to provide a fast and efficient way to easily identify in which time frame drastic land use conversions occurred and how much the study area was affected. The tools were created as to ease the preliminary analysis on land use maps, to quickly identify changes based on statistics, rather than visual analysis. The historical land-use database was tested over a study area in southern Sweden. The tool developed is able to extract statistics from at least 2 maps simultaneous and express how much of land class there is on each map. The users can quickly retrieve statistics when the surfaces for each land class are available. iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank all my dear friends and family for their support throughout all my master program. It was a long way, filled with obstacles, but now the „destination‟ is reached. A special mention to my thesis supervisor, Lars Harrie, who nevertheless showed faith in my research intentions. My deepness gratitude for his endless encouragement and motivation, especially during the moments when I encountered many difficulties in order to conduct this research. I sincerely regret and apologize for any inconvenience that I put him through. Laurent Marquer, thank you for your support in helping me understand the field of biodiversity and how is this related to my research. Stefan Olin, many thanks for your help in deciding to choose this research topic. Thank you for all your patience and information, that helped me a lot to conduct my study. And not the least, I want to thank all the other researchers and my colleagues from Lund University that were really kind to provide me information and help from their research field in order to finalize my research as well. Adriana Bota Lund, March 2017 v Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem statement ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Aim ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Disposition ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Historical maps in Southern Sweden ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.2. CORINE - Land cover classification ........................................................................................................................ .9 2.3. Temporal GIS (spatio-temporal databases) .............................................................................................................. 10 2.3.1. Spatio - temporal objects....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2. Time representation of spatial objects ................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Related studies ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1. Tracking spatiotemporal phenomena .................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2. Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.3. Carbon modelling................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.5. ICOS RI ................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.1. General overview .................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.5.2. ICOS station in Hyltemossa .................................................................................................................................. 18 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Need for historical land use data .............................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1. Carbon modelling perspective .............................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.2. Biodiversity perspective ........................................................................................................................................ 21 3.2. Checking the available historical land-use map resources ....................................................................................... 21 3.3. Decision on land-use data classification .................................................................................................................. 23 3.4. Creation of the historical land use database and the tools for analyzing the database…………………..………...24 3.4.1. The georeferencing process ……………………………………………………………………...………...……..24 3.4.2. The digitizing process ……………………………………………….……………………………………...……25 3.4.3. Raster images ………………………….……………………………………………………..…………...……...26 3.5. Technical development of the tool………………………………………………………………….………………28 vi 3.5.1. The XY_History tool…………………………………………………………………………………………….28 3.5.2. The „Click_XY‟ button ………………….………………………………………..…................……………..…29 3.5.3. The „Draw_Rec„ button…………………………………………………………………………….…………....29 3.5.4. The „Get_XY_Stat‟ button ……………………………………………………………....…...…………….……30 3.5.5. The „Get_Rec_Stat‟ button……………………………………………………………..…….…………….…….30 3.5.6. The ‟Data_Path‟ button …………………………………………………………………………...……………...30 4. Results and discussion………………………………………………………………………………………….…….32 4.1. Land-use data used in the study ............................................................................................................................... 32 4.2. Description of the created land use database ........................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Shapefile feature class .......................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. 2. Raster image dataset