NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Kenya State of Environment Report 2016– 2018 1 A Publication of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya © National Environment Management Authority, 2018 First Published 2018 ISBN:…………………………………………….. This document should be cited as follows: Government of Kenya (2018), State of the Environment Report 2015-2018, National Environment Management Authority, NEMA - Nairobi All correspondence should be addressed to: The Director General National Environment Management Authority P. O. Box 67839 -00200 Nairobi Tel. (020) 2183718, (020) 2103696, (020) 2307281, (020) 2101370, (020) 2198643 Fax +245 (0)20 6008997 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nema.go.ke 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 12 ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 26 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 31 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 31 1.2 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 31 1.2.1 EMCA Provisions on State of Environment Planning ....................................... 31 1.2.2 Objectives of the report ....................................................................................... 31 1.2.3 State of Environment Reporting Process ........................................................... 32 1.2.4 Structure of the State of the Environment Report ............................................. 32 1.2.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 32 1.2.6 History of the State of Environment reporting in Kenya .................................. 33 1.3. LINKAGES WITH OTHER PROCESSES ........................................................... 33 1.4 COUNTRY PROFILE ....................................................................................... 34 1.4.1 Geographical location ......................................................................................... 34 1.4.2 Size .......................................................................................................................... 35 1.4.3 Topographical diversity ...................................................................................... 35 1.4.4 Ecological regions and Ecosystems................................................................... 35 1.4.4.1 Savannah grassland and rangelands .............................................................. 35 1.4 4.2 Forest Ecosystems ............................................................................................. 35 1.4.4.3 Riverine and Lake Ecosystems ........................................................................ 36 1.4.4.4 Wetlands Ecosystems ....................................................................................... 36 1.4.4.5 Drainage Basins and Catchments .................................................................... 36 1.4.10 Population Density .............................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 2: PEOPLE, DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT ............................. 38 2.1 People, Economy and Development .............................................................. 38 2.1.1 Population and Environment .............................................................................. 38 2.1.1.1 Gender and Environment ................................................................................. 39 2.1.2 Economy and Environment ................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3: WEATHER AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY ........................................... 43 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 43 3.2 WEATHER ..................................................................................................... 43 3.2.1 Climate Variability in Kenya .............................................................................. 43 3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE ....................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 Causes of Climate Change .................................................................................. 45 3.3.1.1 Greenhouse Gases Emission ........................................................................... 45 3.3.3 Key sources of GHGs emissions in Kenya ......................................................... 46 3 3.4 THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE............................................................................ 47 3.4.1 Vulnerability of Key Sectors and Groups .......................................................... 48 3.5 GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS AND INSTITUTIONS ....................................... 51 3.6 CLIMATE CHANGE FINANCE ........................................................................ 52 3.7 RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................... 53 3.7.6 Monitoring and Evaluation of Climate Change Actions .................................. 53 CHAPTER 4: WATER RESOURCES AND POLLUTION ............................................... 57 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 57 4.2 WATER RESOURCES ..................................................................................... 57 4.2.1Water Basins in the Country ................................................................................. 57 4.3 RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES................................................................. 58 4.4. PROPORTION OF WATER FOR VARIOUS USES .............................................. 59 4.4.1 Irrigation Water Demand .................................................................................... 59 4.5 RIVER FLOW LEVELS/VOLUMES BY BASINS .................................................. 60 4.6 GROUND WATER LEVELS BY POTENTIAL/VOLUMES .................................... 61 4.6.1 Ground Water Resources .................................................................................... 61 4.6.2 Groundwater Aquifers ......................................................................................... 62 4.6.3 Classification of aquifers...................................................................................... 62 4.7 WATER STRESS INDEX (WSI) ......................................................................... 63 4.8 ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ............................................................ 66 4.9 ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION ............................................................ 68 4.10 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY ...................................................................... 69 4.10.1 Total Dam Capacity ............................................................................................ 69 4.11 WATER QUALITY AND CATCHMENT DEGRADATION .................................. 69 4.11.1 Water quality and pollution ............................................................................... 69 4.11.2 Catchment Degradation .................................................................................... 70 4.13 OTHERS STRATEGIES .................................................................................. 72 4.13.1 Compliance and Enforcement in the water Sector ........................................ 72 4.14 WATER MONITORING ................................................................................. 79 DPSIR Model ........................................................................................................................ 80 Issues affecting the water sector were analysed using the DPSIR Model and presented in Table 19. ........................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 5: LAND AND SOILS ....................................................................................... 82 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 82 5.1.2 Status of Land Resources..................................................................................... 82 5.1.3 Land Use and Land Cover Change .................................................................... 82 5.1.4 Land Use Planning ............................................................................................... 83 5.1.5 Land Tenure ........................................................................................................... 83 5.1.9 Threats to Land ..................................................................................................... 84 5.2 SOILS ........................................................................................................... 84 5.2.2 Soil/ Land Degradation ........................................................................................ 85 4 DPSIR Model .......................................................................................................................