Annual Report 2015 CERN CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, operates the world’s 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland leading laboratory for particle physics. Its business is fundamental physics, http://home.cern ÄUKPUNV\[^OH[[OL\UP]LYZLPZTHKLVMHUKOV^P[^VYRZ-V\UKLKPU CERN has become a prime example of international collaboration, with CERN’s Annual Report is published as 21 Member States. Additional nations from around the globe also contribute a single volume that aims to present the to and participate in the research programmes. Contents activities of the Laboratory. ;OL*,953HIVYH[VY`ZP[ZHZ[YPKL[OL-YHUJV¶:^PZZIVYKLYULHY.LUL]H Introductory messages 4 -VY[OLLSLJ[YVUPJ]LYZPVUZLL! 0[Z ÅHNZOPW YLZLHYJO MHJPSP[` [OL 3HYNL /HKYVU *VSSPKLY PZ OV\ZLK PU H http://library.web.cern.ch/annualreports 27kilometre tunnel under the plain between Lake Geneva and the Jura A year at CERN 6 mountains. The photograph above is a view from the mountain Le Reculet CERN’s list of publications, a catalogue of in the Jura, showing the Laboratory in its setting north of Geneva, with the Snapshots 8 all known publications on research carried Alps, including Mont Blanc, in the distance. Physics and experiments 12 out at CERN during the year, is available at: http://cern.ch/go/n9R9 (Photo Thomas Kubes) Accelerators 22 :P_[`ÄYZ[(UU\HS9LWVY[VM[OL,\YVWLHU Computing 29 Organization for Nuclear Research Making an impact 32 Design and Production: CERN Education, A place of work 35 Communications and Outreach Group Safety and environment 37 ISSN 03042901 ISBN 9789290834281 (printed version) Council and Committees 40 ISBN 9789290834298 (electronic version) Internal organisation 42 © Copyright 2016, CERN *,95PUÄN\YLZ Glossary 45 Message from the President of the Council Message from the DirectorGeneral ;OLOPNOSPNO[VMMVY*,95^HZ[OLYLZ[HY[VM[OL3/*H[ ( Ä]L`LHYS` YL]PL^ VM [OL ÄUHUJPHS HUK ZVJPHS JVUKP[PVUZ VM Much can happen in seven years, and much has happened during model is very well experimentally established, but there remained 13 TeV: the highest energy ever achieved in an accelerator. The members of the CERN personnel was on the agenda of the my mandate as CERN DirectorGeneral. While an annual report VUL SP[[SL NHW! P[Z WYV[HNVUPZ[Z OHK WYLKPJ[LK JVUÄN\YH[PVUZ VM CERN Council followed this development with great interest ;YPWHY[P[L,TWSV`TLU[*VUKP[PVUZ-VY\T;9,-K\YPUN[OL`LHYZ I`P[ZUH[\YLYLÅLJ[ZVU[OL`LHYNVULI`0^V\SKSPRL[V\ZL[OL X\HYRZHUKHU[PX\HYRZJVUZPZ[PUNVMÄ]LWHY[PJSLZI\[\U[PS and with much appreciation of the smooth, systematic and 2014 and 2015. In December, on the recommendation of the VJJHZPVU VM T` SHZ[ YLWVY[ [V YLÅLJ[ IYPLÅ` VU OV^ T\JO OHZ no experiment had ever reliably detected the existence of these professional way in which the machine and the experiments were -PUHUJL *VTTP[[LL [OL *V\UJPS HWWYV]LK [OL 4HUHNLTLU[»Z changed since 2009. ZVJHSSLKWLU[HX\HYRZ0U[OHURZ[V[OLWLYMVYTHUJLVM[OL brought back into operation after a long period of maintenance proposals in the framework of this review. 3/*[OLWYLJPZPVUVM[OL3/*IKL[LJ[VYHUK[OLPUNLU\P[`VMP[Z HUK \WNYHKLZ ([ [OL [YHKP[PVUHS 3/* 7O`ZPJZ *VSSVX\P\T H[ ;V^HYKZ[OLLUKVM[OH[`LHY^LZH^[OLÄYZ[OPNOLULYN`ILHTZ researchers, that changed, and one more 50yearold prediction the Council’s Open Session in December, eight bright young The year 2015 was my third and last year as President of the PU [OL 3/* HUK PU [OL YLZLHYJO WYVNYHTTL NV[ \UKLY OHKILLUJVUÄYTLK WO`ZPJPZ[ZWYLZLU[LK[OLMHZJPUH[PUNHJOPL]LTLU[ZVM[OL3/* Council. In September, the Council elected my successor, and ^H` ;^V `LHYZ SH[LY 3/* L_WLYPTLU[Z ^LYL HUUV\UJPUN [OLPY JVSSPKLYHUK[OLL_WLYPTLU[ZK\YPUN[OLÄYZ[`LHYVM3/*9\U 0WHZZLK[OLIH[VU[V7YVMLZZVY:PQIYHUKKL1VUNPU+LJLTILY ÄYZ[THQVYKPZJV]LY`[OL/PNNZIVZVUTLZZLUNLYVM[OL)YV\[ As well as being a worldleading laboratory, CERN is also a very Professor de Jong has a long association with CERN, both as ,UNSLY[/PNNZTLJOHUPZT;OPZSLK[VH5VILS7YPaLMVY-YHUsVPZ complex organisation, with all the attendant challenges that ;OL `LHY ^HZ HSZV [OL SHZ[ VM 9VSM /L\LY»Z ZL]LU `LHYZ HZJPLU[PÄJ\ZLYHUKHZHYLWYLZLU[H[P]L[V[OL*V\UJPS0OH]L ,UNSLY[ HUK 7L[LY /PNNZ [OL MVSSV^PUN `LHY ^HZ HSZV [OL brings. In 2015, one of the largest was the removal of the cap PU VɉJL HZ *,95 +PYLJ[VY.LULYHS ^P[O [OL +PYLJ[VY.LULYHS NYLH[S`LUQV`LK^VYRPUN^P[OOPTHUK^PZOOPTHSS[OL]LY`ILZ[ beginning of CERN’s process of geographical enlargement, which MYVT[OL:^PZZMYHUJL\YVL_JOHUNLYH[L^OPJOSLK[VHKPɉJ\S[ +LZPNUH[L -HIPVSH .PHUV[[P WYLWHYPUN MVY OLY [LYT VM VɉJL in his new role. has seen our membership grow, and a new category of Associate situation for many of our Member States. The Management and In March, Dr Gianotti presented her proposed management 4LTILYILJVTLÄYTS`LZ[HISPZOLK the Council worked together proactively to minimise the impact Z[Y\J[\YL MVY ¶ [V [OL *V\UJPS 0U :LW[LTILY [OL I am proud to have had the opportunity to work for this both on the CERN programme and on our Member States. This Council approved the appointments of Dr Gianotti’s directors THNUPÄJLU[ YLZLHYJO VYNHUPZH[PVU HZ 7YLZPKLU[ VM [OL *V\UJPS Moving on to 2015, the highlight of the year was the restart of the is typical of the relationship between the CERN Management and and heads of department. Among the new features of the K\YPUNHWLYPVK[OH[OHZZLLUNYLH[WYVNYLZZ^P[O[OL3/*[OL 3/*HM[LYP[ZÄYZ[SVUNZO\[KV^U3:4\JO^VYR^HZJHYYPLK *V\UJPS¶VULVM[OLNYLH[Z[YLUN[OZVM[OPZ6YNHUPaH[PVU incoming Management is the position of Director for International completion of the update of the European Strategy for Particle V\[K\YPUN3:UV[VUS`H[[OL3/*I\[HJYVZZ[OL^OVSL*,95 9LSH[PVUZ ;OPZ YLÅLJ[Z [OL NYV^PUN PTWVY[HUJL VM YLSH[PVUZ Physics, the celebration of 60 years of science for peace and accelerator chain, and at the experiments. The restart was more I cannot end without a mention of the enlargement process. Among with the Member States and of the process of geographical the admission of Israel as CERN’s 21st Member State. I wish [OHUQ\Z[HZPTWSLZ^P[JOVU"P[^HZTVYLHRPU[VZ[HY[PUNHUL^ T`ÄUHSK\[PLZHZ+PYLJ[VY.LULYHS^HZ[VZPNU[^VUL^HNYLLTLU[Z enlargement of CERN. to thank the Council members, the members of its advisory MHJPSP[`MVY[OLÄYZ[[PTL0[^HZKVUL^P[ONYLH[JHYLHUKP[YHU]LY` during the December meetings of the Council. One, signed with IVKPLZ 7YVMLZZVY 9VSM /L\LY [OL ^OVSL *,95 4HUHNLTLU[ smoothly, with all CERN’s experimental facilities, not only those at the United States under the umbrella agreement concluded in In 2015, the enlargement process proceeded apace. In June, the administrative services supporting the Council and many [OL3/*ILULÄ[[PUNHUKWLYMVYTPUN^LSS;OLZTVV[OUH[\YLVM March, heralds a new era of transatlantic collaboration in particle the Council adopted a resolution for the admission of Romania other members of the CERN personnel for their invaluable help the restart augurs well for the continuation of Run 2 in 2016. physics. It outlines US participation in the continuing exploitation as a Member State. Turkey became an Associate Member of HUKTVZ[LUQV`HISLJVVWLYH[PVU[OYV\NOV\[T`WLYPVKVMVɉJL VM[OL3/*HUK*,95WHY[PJPWH[PVUPUL_JP[PUNUL\[YPUVWYVQLJ[Z CERN in May, with Pakistan becoming an Associate Member I wish the Organization continuing success, and look forward to ^HZ H `LHY MVY I\PSKPUN L_WLYPLUJL VM [OL 3/* PU P[Z UL^ NL[[PUN\UKLY^H`H[-LYTPSHI;OLZLJVUK\UKLYSPULZ[OLZWPYP[ in July. And over the course of the year the Council approved seeing what new knowledge CERN will bring us in the years to JVUÄN\YH[PVUHUKMVY[OLL_WLYPTLU[ZHUKJVTW\[PUN[LHTZ[V of inclusion that is a hallmark of CERN. It is an International International Collaboration Agreements with Lebanon and come. become accustomed to the new higherenergy running conditions. Collaboration Agreement with Palestine, opening up the way for Palestine. It is my sincere wish that these will have an impact ;OL`HSSWYV]LK[OLTZLS]LZ[VILTVYL[OHUHKLX\H[LS`WYLWHYLK Palestinian universities and scientists to intensify their links with IL`VUK [OL PTTLKPH[L ILULÄ[ [OH[ [OL` IYPUN [V [OL YLZLHYJO and by the end of 2015 the experiments were producing CERN. It was approved by the unanimous vote of the Council. communities they touch. important new physics results. Elsewhere at CERN, a new tool H[V\Y]LYZH[PSL0:63+,MHJPSP[`JHTLVUZ[YLHT/0,0:63+,^PSS Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone I have had the In order to mitigate the impact of the Swiss franc’s appreciation increase the reach of ISOLDE in a range of areas from nuclear pleasure to work with over the last seven years: the Council, the in January 2015 on the contributions of the Member States, the structure to astrophysics. At the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), 4HUHNLTLU[HUKHSS[OL*,95WLYZVUULS^OL[OLYZ[HɈMLSSV^Z CERN Management proposed a plan of measures, which was Agnieszka Zalewska great progress was made at ELENA, a facility that will increase associates, users or contractors. It has been a privilege. I wish the discussed by the Council in March and June and approved in [OLLɉJPLUJ`VM[OL(+[YLTLUKV\ZS` new Management and the Council a mandate full of success and :LW[LTILY*VUZLX\LU[S`TVYL[PTL^HZULLKLK[VWYLWHYL[OL many great discoveries. 4LKP\T;LYT7SHUMVY[OLWLYPVK¶HUK[OL)\KNL[VM You can read all about the science highlights in this report, so I [OL6YNHUPaH[PVUMVY[OL`LHY;OL¶4;7PUJS\KLZ ^PSSHSSV^T`ZLSM[VMVJ\ZVUQ\Z[VUL1\Z[HZ[OL)YV\[,UNSLY[ 9VSM/L\LY [OL Z[HY[ VM JVUZ[Y\J[PVU VM [OL /PNO3\TPUVZP[` 3/* WYVQLJ[ /PNNZTLJOHUPZT^HZKL]LSVWLKPU[OL ZZV^HZ[OLX\HYR /33/* H ÅHNZOPW MVY *,95 MVY [OL WLYPVK [V HYV\UK model that underpins our understanding of particles such as the 2035.