TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH TCRP PROGRAM REPORT 167 Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration Making Effective Fixed- Guideway Transit Investments: Indicators of Success Volume 1: Handbook Volume 2: Research Report TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2014 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* SELECTION COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS Sherry Little CHAIR: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Spartan Solutions LLC VICE CHAIR: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis MEMBERS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board Michael Allegra Utah Transit Authority MEMBERS John Bartosiewicz McDonald Transit Associates Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, Raul Bravo Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Raul V. Bravo & Associates Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock John Catoe Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, The Catoe Group Norfolk, VA Grace Crunican James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, TX San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento Carolyn Flowers A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor and Director, Centre for Geoinformatics, School of Geography Charlotte Area Transit System and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom Angela Iannuzziello John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix AECOM Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Paul Jablonski Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, San Diego Metropolitan Transit System Worcester, MA Ian Jarvis Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA South Coast British Columbia Transportation Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Authority Ronald Kilcoyne Pittsburgh, PA Lane Transit District Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Ralph Larison Transportation Commission, Huntsville, Utah HERZOG Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA John Lewis Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence LYNX-Central Florida RTA Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany Jonathan H. McDonald Abbas Mohaddes, President and CEO, Iteris, Inc., Santa Ana, CA Atkins North America Donald A. Osterberg, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security, Schneider National, Inc., Green Bay, WI Therese McMillan Steven W. Palmer, Vice President of Transportation, Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, NC FTA Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor, University of Texas, Austin E. Susan Meyer Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO Spokane Transit Authority Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Bradford Miller West Lafayette, IN Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Keith Parker Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa DOT, Ames Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Richard Sarles Phillip A. Washington, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, CO Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority James Stem EX OFFICIO MEMBERS United Transportation Union Thomas P. Bostick (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, Gary Thomas U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC Dallas Area Rapid Transit Alison Jane Conway, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, NY, Matthew O. Tucker and Chair, TRB Young Member Council North County Transit District Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Phillip Washington David J. Friedman, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Denver Regional Transit District Patricia Weaver John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, University of Kansas Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT Michael P. Melaniphy Therese W. McMillan, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT APTA Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Robert E. Skinner, Jr. Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, and Acting Deputy Secretary, TRB U.S. DOT Frederick G. (Bud) Wright Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of AASHTO Homeland Security Victor Mendez Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, FHWA U.S. DOT Peter M. Rogoff, Acting Under Secretary for Policy, U.S. DOT TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Louis Sanders Force Base, FL APTA Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA SECRETARY Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Christopher W. Jenks Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and TRB Transportation Officials, Washington, DC * Membership as of February 2014. * Membership as of May 2014. TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 167 Making Effective Fixed- Guideway Transit Investments: Indicators of Success Volume 1: Handbook Volume 2: Research Report Daniel G. Chatman Robert Cervero Emily Moylan Ian Carlton Dana Weissman Joe Zissman Erick Guerra Jin Murakami Paolo Ikezoe INSTITUTE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Berkeley, CA IN ASSOCIATION WITH Donald Emerson PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF San Francisco, CA WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY Dan Tischler Daniel Means Sandra Winkler Kevin Sheu Sun Young Kwon UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Berkeley, CA Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 167 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, Project H-42 and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current ISSN 1073-4872 systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand ISBN 978-0-309-28405-9 service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to intro- duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by COPYRIGHT INFORMATION which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining to meet demands placed on it. written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, Administration—now the Federal Transit Admin istration (FTA). A FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem- educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and success- from CRP. ful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of tran- sit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit NOTICE research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the administrative practices. Governing Board of the National Research Council. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Pro- The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this posed