€amllribge Jl~torftal ~tries THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS, 1801-1927 .CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: Fetter Lane NEW YORE The Macmillan Co. BoMBAY, CALCUTTA and MADRAS Macmillan and Co., Ltd. ToaoN-ro The Macmillan Co. or Canada, Ltd. TokYO Maruzen-K.abushiki-K.aisha All rights reserved THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS, 1801-1927 By W'ILLIAM l\IILLER, M.A. (OxoN.); F.R.H.S. Hon. LL.D.. in the National University of Greece: Corresponding Member of the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece: Author of <J'he Latins ;, the .LnJa1Jt, BEING A REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, I801-1913 "Who doubts but the Grtcia11 Christians, Descendants of the ancient Possessors of that Country, may justly cast off the Turkish yoke which they have so long groaned under whenever they have an opportunity to do it ? " LocKE, Of Civil Governmmt. Cambridge at the University Press 1927 First Editw11 1913 Gt"ei!ll Translalwll 1914 S«tmd EditiOII 191.3 TAira Editio11 1917 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN GENERAL PREFACE The aim of this series is to sketch the history of Modern Europe, with that of its chief colonies and conquests, from about the end of the fifteenth century down to the present time. In on~ or two cases the story commences at an earlier date: .in the case of the colonies it generally begins later. The histories of the different countn'es are described, as a rule, separately ,· for it is believed that, exapt in epochs like that of the French Revolution and Napoleon I, /he comtecli'on of events will thus be better under­ stood and the continuity of historical development more clearly displayed. · The series is intended for the use of all persons anxious /o understand the nature of existing political conditt'ons. "The roots of the present lie deep in /he past".,· and /he real significance of contemporary events cannot be grasped unless the historical causes which have led to them are known. The plan adopted makes i't -possible /o treat the history of /he las/ four centuries in consider­ able detail, and to embody the most important results of modern research. II is hoped therefore that the series wi'll be useful not only to beginners but to students who have already acquired some general knowledge of European History. For those who wisk to carry their studits further, the bibliograpky appended /o each volume will act as a guide to original sources of information and works of a more special ckaracter. Considerable attention i's paid to political geography,· and eack volume is furnished witk suck maps and plans as may bf: requisite for the illustratz'on of the text. G. W. PROTHERO. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION HE present work has been based, wherever possible, upon T the original documents, and is the result of many years' study of the Eastc::rn Question. I am indebted to the editors of The Etzglish Histon"cal and The lVeslminster Reviews for permission to reprint with considerable additions two articles contributed to those periodicals ; and I desire to thank H. E. M. J. Gennadios, former Greek Minister in London,. for access to his unrivalled collection of pamphlets, and Cav. Pasqualucci, librarian of the Consulta, for his courtesy in allowing me to use the library of the Italian Foreign Office. With regard to the spelling of Greek names, while common words have been written in their popular, unaccented form, rarer words have been reproduced in Greek· dress with their accents. Slav names have been transliterated. W.:M. ROME, july 22, 1922. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION • HE additional pages of the third edition, so far as Greece Tis concerned, are largely the work of an eye-witness; for, resident in Ath.ens since November, 1923, I have been a spectator of all the political movements connected with the creatioq of the Hellenic Republic. W.M. ATHENS, July, 1927. EDITORIAL NOTE The later relations of Turkey and other Powers with Egypt are not included in this work, having been discussed m another volume of this series, The Colom"zalion of Afrl"ca. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AT THE DAWN OF THE XIXth CENTURY Relations of Turkey with the four great Powers, France, Russia, Austria, and Great Britain-Eastern policy of Prussia-Extent of the Ottoman empire in Europe-In Asia, and Africa-Organisation and races of European Turkey-Local tyrants-Division between 1\Iussulmans and Christians--Bosnian feudalism-Condition of the Serbs-The Al­ banians-The Greeks-The Greek Church-The Phanariotes-State of Greece: privileged communities l CHAPTER II NAPOLEON IN THE NEAR EAST (1801-15) The French in Dalmatia-Destruction of the Republics of Poljitza and Ragusa-France and Montenegro-First Russo-Turkish war of the century-Duckworth before Constantinople-Paper partition of Turkey at Tilsit-Second French occupation of the Ionian Islands-Capture of the Islands by the British-Treaty of Bucharest-Congresses of Vienna and Paris : British protectorate over the Ionian Islands • 3 I CHAPTER III THE SERVIAN RISINGS (1804-17) Tyranny of the Janissaries--Mild rule and murder of Hajji Mustapha­ Servian loyal rising of 18o+: Kara George-Servian overtures to Austria. and Russia-Servian victories-Palace revolutions in Con· stantinople-Russian protectorate over Servia-Treaty of Bucharest abandons the Serbs-Second Servian rising of 1815: Milosh Obren· ovich-Murder of Kara George-Milosh recognised as chief 46 Vlll Contents CHAPTER IV THE PREFACE OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE (1815-21) · The British in the Ionian Islands : Sir Thomas Ma~tland, first Lord High Commissioner-Constitution of 1817-The cession of Parga-Ali Pasha declared a rebel, appeals to the Greeks-The Pkilild H~tairla­ Alexander Hypselantes, leader of the Greek movement, crosses the · Pruth-Rival Roumanian rising of Tudor Vladimirescu-Battles of Dragashani and Skuleni-Native princes in the Danubian Princi­ palities • ss CHAPTER V THE WAR OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE (1821-9) Outbreak of the Revolution-Heroic death of Diakos--Spread of the insmrection to the islands-Murder of the Patriarch Gregory V­ Three stages in the war-The "Peloponnesian Senate "-Arrival of Demetrios Hypselantes and Alexander Mavrokordatos-Sack of Tripolitsa-Constitution of Epfdauros-End of Ali Pasha-Massacre of Chios-Foundation of Hermoupolis-Capitulation of the Akropolis -Greek victory at Dervenaki-Defeat at Pc!ta-First " Commis· sioner" of Crete-Second National Assembly at A.stros-Canning's Philhellenism-Russian proposal for three Greek principalities-Death of Marko Botzares-Byron in Greece-The first Greek loan-Byron's death at Meso!Onghi-" War of the Primates "-Destruction of Kissos and Psara-Ibrahim lands in the Morea-Santa Rosa at Navarino­ Second siege of Mesol6nghi-Death of OdysseUs-The sortie from Mesol6nghi-Protocol of April4, 1826-Turkish siege of the Akropolis -Death of Karaiskakes-Second surrender of the Akropolis-Third National Assembly at Troizc!n : Capo d'Istria elected President of Greece-Treaty of London of 1827-Battle of Navarino-Death of Hastings-The Cretans at Grabo!lsa-Arrival of Capo d'Istria-The "Panhellt!nion "-Policy of the President-France compels the Egyptians to evacuate the Morea-Destruction of Tripolitsa-Protocol of March u, 1829-Fourth National Assembly at Argos-Battle of Petra : end of the war 71 Contents lX CHAPTER VI THE CREATION OF THE GREEK. KINGDOM (I829-33) Protocols of February 3, 1830: Leopold of Saxe-Coburg "Sovereign Prince of Greece "-Leopold refuses-Conflict between Capo d'Istria and the Hydriotes-Catastrophe of Pores-Assassination of Capo d'lstria-Provisional Commission of three-Fifth National Assembly at Argas-Agostino chosen President : civil war-Otho "King of Greece "-Limits of the kingdom-Samian autonomy-Crete united with Egypt-Triumph of Kolettes and the "Constitutionalists"­ Anarchy-National Assembly at Prc:inoia-Flight of the Senate from N auplia-Fight with the French at Argos-Arrival ofOtho-Prosperity of the Ionian Islands-Napier in Cephalonia-Adam Lord High Com­ missioner-The" Ionian Academy "-Parties in the Islands 106 CHAPTER VII THE BALK.AN AND SYRIAN DIFFICULTIES OF TURKEY (1822-45) Roumanian Nationalist movement: Asaki and Eliade-Convention of Akkerman-Russo-Turkish war of 1828-9: Russian occupation of the Principalities-Treaty of Adrianople-The ,.;g/mzent organique­ Servia at Akkerman and Adrianople-Grant of Servian autonomy : Milosh hereditary Prince of an enlarged Servia-Turkish garrisons of the Servian fortresses-Despotism of Milosh : " Constitution of Sretenje"-British support of Milosh-Creation of a Servian Senate­ Milosh abdicates-Milan Obrenovich 11-Michael Obrenovich III's first reign-Alexander Karageorgevich elected Prince-" The Dragon of Bosnia "-Ali Pasha Rizvanbegovich-Union of the Piperi with Montenegro-Peter II reorganises Montenegro : abolition of the civil "governorship "-His conflicts with the Turks-Revolt of Mehemet Ali : invasion of Syria-The Russians "protect" the Sultan: treaty of Hunkiar lskelesi-Battle of Nezib-Death of MahmM 11-Quadri­ lateral convention of 184o-Settlement of Egypt and Thasos­ " Convention of the Straits "-Charter of GUl·kMneh-The Le­ banon CHAPTER VIII GREECE UNDER THE BAVARIAN AUTOCRACY (1833-43) The Regency-Disbanding of .the irregulars-Bureaucratic system-Eccle­ siastical policy-Conspiracy of Kolokotr6nes-Revolt of the Mainates­ Recall of Maurer and Abel-Insurrection in Arkad{a and Messenia- X Contents The capital removed from Nauplia to. Athens-Otho's majority­ Insurrection in Akamanfa-Rudhart Prime Minister-Founding of the University-" British," 11 French," and "Russian" parties-Crete under the Egyptians-The Cretan insurrection of 1841-The revolution of September 3/15 at Athens-Progress of Greece during the decade 1833-43 156 CHAPTER IX THE GREEK AND IONIAN CONSTITUTIONS (1843-53) The Greek Constitution of 1844-Administration of Kolettes-The Mou­ sollros incident-Local disturbances-The Pacifico case: Cervi and Sapienza-The "Synodal Tome" of 185o: independence of the Church · in Greece-Nugent, Douglas and Mackenzie in the Ionian Islands­ Seaton's reforms in the Constitution: introduction of a free press­ Risings in Cephalonia-The first reformed Ionian Parliament­ Bibescu and Michael Sturdza in the Principalities-Roumanian revo­ lution of 1848-Convention of Balta Liman-Reigns of Barbe Stirbeiu.