Lucien Leon December 2013 On the use of the digital moving image in retooling the Australian political cartooning tradition to a new media context. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Australian National University 1 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort and that it has not been submitted anywhere for any award. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Signature: ……………………………………………… Date: ……………19 December 2013…………………. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page 1 Declaration by Candidate 2 Acknowledgements 4 Dedication 5 List of Illustrations 6 List of Author’s Moving Image Works 9 Abstract 11 Introduction 13 Chapter 1: Part 1 - Historical Context 19 Chapter 1: Part 2 - The Beginnings of a Moving Image Tradition 32 Chapter 2: Visual Satire and Australian Society 51 Chapter 3: Part 1 – On Moving Image as Political Cartoon 70 Chapter 3: Part 2 – The Video Mash-up Image 114 Chapter 4: A Revised Taxonomy for the Categorisation of Political Cartoon Images 133 Chapter 5: Developing a Political Animation Practice 169 Chapter 6: Political Satire in the New Media Age 205 Conclusion 225 Bibliography 232 Appendix 1 List of publications and presentations 241 Appendix 2 List of creative practice 242 Appendix 3 List of author’s moving image works and synopses 244 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been my pleasure to enjoy the support of so erudite and engaging a supervisory chair as Professor Paul Pickering, Director of the Research School of Humanities and the Arts. He helped me to coax and cajole the disparate threads running through my thesis into a genuinely interdisciplinary project. Associate Professor Helen Ennis, Associate Head of the ANU School of Art, has overseen my theoretical investigations from the outset. The calm and patient demeanour that she brought to her role as supervisor inspired me with confidence and motivation when these were in short supply. I am grateful for her boundless support and faith in my endeavour. My former supervisory chair, Dr Martyn Jolly, Head of Photography and Media Arts at the ANU School of Art, provided clarity in the shaping of my research topic, and guided me through the initial stages of the thesis. At various stages subsequent to my programme transfer from the School of Art to the Interdisciplinary and Cross- Cultural Research programme at the ANU Research School of Humanities and the Arts, he has continued to provide his invaluable insight and advice in informal discussions and conversations. Dr. Tim Brook’s monthly Research Conversations provided a casual context in which to discuss my ‘points of unclarity’ with academic peers. I thank Tim for his energy and enthusiasm in facilitating these most productive conversations. I would like to thank and acknowledge all those individuals at various conferences, symposia and colloquia who reminded me of the importance of this research and offered their thoughtful comments and encouragement. Additionally, I am grateful to the College of Arts and Social Sciences for providing the financial support that allowed me to participate in those events. Finally, I extend my gratitude to my family, friends and colleagues who have, in their own ways, given such generous support throughout this project’s duration. 4 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my mother, who taught me the value of books and the power of words. And my eldest daughter Escha, who was born at the same time as this project. She taught me patience and perspective. And my youngest daughter Saachi. She taught me to delight in the small things. And the beautiful Marcia. Her faith in me gave me the focus, endurance and good humour to complete my project. 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Petty, Human Contraptions: Government, 2002 80 2 Fazzari, Julia and Obama: True Love, 18 Nov 2011 81 3 Digital video by author, John Howard’s Ultimate Gift to Tony Abbott, February 2010 82 4 Julius, The Crown Prince of Death, c.1915 93 5 Kudelka, Expert Makeover, 14 Aug 2012 100 6 Fazzari, Julia Gillard and Tony Abbott’s Horror Run, 8 Jun 2012 102 7 Fazzari, Julia Gillard and Tony Abbott’s Horror Run, 8 Jun 2012 102 8 Petty, Untitled, 10 July 2010 104 9 Petty, Human Contraptions: Law, 2002 104 10 Petty, Australia at the Crossroads, 19 July 2007 106 11 Petty, Human Contraptions: Government, 2002 106 12 Thurber, Destinations, 13 May 1933 107 13 Nicholson, Rudd to Keep Baby Bonus 550, 15 March 2008 109 14 Nicholson, The Economy Flying High, 3 March 2008 109 15 Julius, Vote Labour, c.1929 (36.8 x 24) 111 16 Julius, The Hun’s Xmas Wail c. 1915 112 17 Leunig, Untitled, 17 May 2006 114 18 Atkin, Chinese Propaganda Video, 20 Oct 2007 120 19 Atkin, Chinese Propaganda Video, 20 Oct 2007 127 20 Kudelka, 5 June 2011 136 21 Kudelka, 6 September 2012 136 22 Fazzari, 8 September 2011 137 23 Fazzari, 26 February 2011 137 24 Petty, May 2012 Budget Money, 9 May 2012 139 25 Petty, 22 October 2012 139 26 Nicholson, Parliament Rescue, 28 June 2012 140 27 Petty, Untitled, 23 July 2006 140 28 Nicholson, Mining Goose Laid Golden Egg, 31 March 2012 141 29 Nicholson, ATSIC Purse Strings, 12 April 2003 142 30 Nicholson, Tony Abbott Hits Wall, 18 September 2012 143 31 Nicholson, What Downer Knew He Knew, 31 August 2006 143 6 32 Kudelka, Johnny’s House, 2002 149 33 Nicholson, Howard’s Climate Report, 3 Nov 2006 150 34 Nicholson, Ugly Johnny, 15 March 2007 151 35 Fazzari, The Polls: The Truth Revealed, 24 June 2011 152 36 Kudelka, Four UnAustralians, 13 June 2006. Digital video 154 37 Cartoon by author, Collateral Damage, November 2006 170 38 Cartoon by author, Banana Republic, November 2006 171 39 Cartoon by author, The Big Picture, May 2006 171 40 Cartoon by author, Untitled, May 2006 172 41 Cartoon by author, Untitled, June 2011 172 42 Cartoon by author, Untitled, June 2011 173 42 Cross, For Gorsake Stop Laughing, This is Serious!, 1928 174 43 Digital video by author, Ten Little Terrorists, June 2011 176 44 Digital video by author, Aussie Values #1, July 2007 178 45 Kara Walker, A Work on Progress, 1998; Political graffiti in Melbourne, artist unknown 179 46 Fitzjames, Dystopia, 26 May 2007 179 47 Digital video by author, Regional Unrest, July 2007 181 48 Digital video by author, The Logger, July 2007 182 49 Digital video by author, Chinese Whispers, September 2007 182 50 Digital video by author, Chinese Whispers, September 2007 183 51 Digital video by author, Swimming with Sharks, November 2007 184 52 Digital video by author, Election ‘07, November 2007 188 53 Screenshots by author, November 2007 189 54 Digital video by author, PollAir, August 2007 190 55 Digital video by author, John Howard’s Concession Speech, November 2007 190 56 Digital video by author, Kevin Rudd’s Apology to the Stolen Generations, February 2008 193 57 Screenshots of author’s YouTube, Myspace and blog sites 194 58 Screenshot of ABC’s Unleashed webpage 196 59 Author’s animations exhibited on framed iPods at the BOOM! Exhibition, NTUA Taipei, March 2007 197 60 Screenshot of author’s selected works in 2007 Melbourne Digital Fringe Festival 199 7 61 Digital video by author, GFC, February 2008 200 62 Screenshot of News Limited’s The Punch webpage 201 8 LIST OF AUTHOR’S MOVING IMAGE WORKS (see attached DVD) 1 Cycle of Violence, 16 July 2007 2 Johnny’s Coal Diner, 16 July 2007 3 Australian Values #1, 30 July 2007 4 Australian Values #2, 30 July 2007 5 Australian Values #3, 30 July 2007 6 Australian Values #4, 30 July 2007 7 Regional Unrest, 30 July 2007 8 The Logger, 30 July 2007 9 Iraq, 16 July 2007 10 Strongman, 16 July 2007 11 Sheik Hilaly’s Day Out, 30 July 2007 12 Moral High Ground, 21 March 2007 13 The Coal Miner, 30 July 2007 14 Dirty Laundry, 3 July 2007 15 Cat Burglar, 16 July 2007 16 PollAir, 15 August 2007 17 Me Too, 28 August 2007 18 Swimming with Sharks, 13 November 2007 19 Chinese Whispers, 12 September 2007 20 Military Crackdown in Burma, 8 October 2007 21 Election ’07, 12 November 2007 22 John Howard’s Concession Speech, 26 November 2007 23 Malcolm Turnbull’s Leadership Pledge, 11 December 2007 24 Peter Garrett’s Christmas Stocking, 25 December 2007 25 Kevin Rudd’s Apology to the Stolen Generations, 14 February 2008 26 Brendan Nelson’s Diary, 18 February 2008 27 Kevin Rudd on Climate Change and the Economy, 27 February 2008 28 The Liberals: Behind the Scenes, 12 March 2008 29 Beijing 2008 Shooting Trials, 18 March 2008 30 Ruddese, 11 April 2008 31 Budget ’08, 18 May 2008 9 32 Kevin Rudd on Bill Henson, 25 May 2008 33 Labor Camp: The Re-education of Peter Garrett, 25 June 2008 34 Consume, 9 July 2008 35 Dr Nelson’s Prognosis, 13 August 2008 36 Malcolm, Pete and Me: The Nelson Memoirs, 14 September 2008 37 GFC, 9 February 2009 38 The Trouble with Malcolm, 23 April 2009 39 Flight of the Penguins, 28 April 2009 40 The Senate, 26 May 2009 41 John Howard’s Ultimate Gift to Tony Abbott, 4 February 2010 42 Inglorious Bastards, 23 May 2011 10 ABSTRACT This research clarifies the position of the contemporary Australian political cartoonist in the context of a changing media landscape, and examines the implications of the shift of dissemination of news and current events away from news print media to the Internet. The observation that the political cartoon has, throughout its history, adapted and evolved in response to various socio-political and technological changes invites the question of how the art form might continue to endure as a vehicle for subversive political comment in the digital media age.