History of Sociological Thought
ALDWCH PRESS • LONDON CONTENTS
PREFACE Xi
INTRODUCTION xiii The uses of the history of sociology Three approaches to the history of sociology
Chapter 1. From the City-State to Modern Civil Society 3
The Sources of Social Theory Plato Aristotle The Social Horizons of the City-State Stoicism: The Discovery of the Supralocal Community Society as the Community of Values: The Two States of Saint Augustine Medieval Organicism and Saint Thomas Aquinas New Horizons of Social Thought during the Renaissance Social Thought in the Seventeenth Century: Natural Law and Mankind The Social Philosophy of G. Vico: The Birth of the History of Culture Conclusion: Historical Conditions of the Science of Society
Chapter 2. The Advent of Modern Society: Social Philosophy in the Enlightenment 52
The Enlightenment Defined The Enlightenment in France The Enlightenment in Britain The Enlightenment in Germany Concluding Remarks vi Contents
Chapter 3. Postrevolutionary Sociopolitical Thought as a Source of Social Theory 92
Conservatism Liberalism Utopian Socialism and Utopian Communism The Social Theory of Saint-Simon Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4. Historiography as the Study of the "Social Condition" 117
Civilization and Class Struggle: French Historians under the Restoration J. Lelewel's "History of Culture" A. de Tocqueville's Historical Sociology Sociological Interests of Conservative Historians
Chapter 5. Philosophy as a Social Theory: Hegel 132
The Significance of Hegel's Ideas The Place of Hegelianism among the Ideological Trends of the Period . x Civil Society versus the State Theory of Historical Development Concluding Remarks Chapter 6. Historical Materialism: Marx and Engels 144
Historical Marxism and Present-Day Marxism Transition from Anthropology to a Theory of Society: Struggle against "Ideology" The Theory of Socioeconomic Formation Social Classes and Class Structure The State Social Consciousness Social Development The Marxian Method
Chapter 7. Early Positivism and the Beginnings of Sociology: Comte, Mill, and Quetelet 174 The Concept of Positivism The Sociology ofAuguste Comte John Stuart Mill's Logic of Social Science Contents vii
Quetelet's Social Physics Positivism and the Further Development of Society
Chapter 8. The Evolutionist Sociology 206
The Concept of Evolutionism in the Social Sciences Theoretical Assumptions of Evolutionism The Comparative Method Herbert Spencer's Sociology The Evolutionist Social Anthropology Determinants of Social Evolution: The Sources of the Disintegration of Evolutionism Summary of Evolutionist Sociology
Chapter 9. Psychologism: Psychosociology and the Rise of Social Psychology 244
The Concept of Psychologism Folk Psychology Crowd Psychology and the Psychology of the Public Tarde's Theory of Imitation McDougall's Instinctivism Freud's Psychoanalysis versus Sociology The Psychologistic Sociology of Vilfredo Pareto Psychologism in Sociology: A Balance Sheet
Chapter 10. Sociologism: Sociology as the Fundamental Social Science 278
The Concept of Sociologism (yJ The Sociology of Gumplowicz The Sociology of Durkheim The Durkheim School Sociologism: The Balance Sheet
Chapter 11. Absolute Historicism: The Antipositivism Turn in Sociology 316
The Concept of Historicism Dilthey's Philosophy of the Social Sciences History as a Cultural Science Prerequisites of Humanistic Sociology viii Contents
Chapter 12. The First Systems of Humanistic Sociology: Tonnies, Simmel, and Weber 337
The Concept of Humanistic Sociology Ferdinand Tbnnies's "Eclectic Synthesis" Simmel's Formal Sociology Weber's Interpretative Sociology German Humanistic Sociology: A Balance Sheet
Chapter 13. Historical Materialism after Marx versus Sociology 374
Reasons for the Divergence between Marxism and Sociology The "Positivist" and "Evolutionist" Marxism of the Second International L. Krzywicki: A Case, of Marxist Sociology Revolutionary Marxism Armchair Marxism of the Frankfurt School Marxism and Karl Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge Marxism and Sociology: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 14. Social Pragmatism: Dewey, Cooley, Thomas, and Mead 403
Pragmatism versus Social Thought The Psychology of William James and Its Relevance to Sociology r^ Dewey as the Founder of Social Pragmatism Cooley's Social Philosophy The Sociology of W. I. Thomas Mead's Social Psychology The Common Features of Social Pragmatism
Chapter 15. Theoretical Horizons of American Descriptive Sociology 437
The Discovery of the Community The Chicago School: Studies in Urbanization and Urbanism Park's Theoretical Conceptions The Social World of the Small Town: The Lynds Middletown Yankee City and Warner's Functionalism Sociography and the Development of Sociological Thought Contents ix
Chapter 16. Culture, Society, and Personality: The New Vistas of Anthropology 464
Anthropology versus Sociology Diffusionism Historicism: Boas and His School Functionalism Psychoculturalism Evolutionism Once More Conclusion
Chapter 17. Sociological Functionalism and Its Critics 502
Functionalism as a Specific Sociological Orientation Sociological Theories of Talcott Parsons The Controversy over Functionalism in Present-Day Sociology Conflict Theory versus Functionalism Exchange Theory Functionalism as Seen by the Sociology of Everyday Life
BIBLIOGRAPHY 531
INDEX ^ 569