TD/B/C.4/178/Rev.l

UNITED N^TIDN^ CONFERENCE ON TR^DE ^ND D E^LO F^EN T

Review of maritime transport, 1977

UNITED N^TION^ UNITED N^TIDN^ CONFERENCE ON TR^DE ^ND DE¥ELO?^^ENT

G e n e v a

Review ??و^ ,of maritime transport

Report by the secretariat ofU N CTAD

UNITED N^TION^

New York, 1979 NOTE

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined ^^ith b§ures. Mention of such symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this Review do not imply the expression of any opinion ^¥hatsoe¥er on the part of the Sec- retariat of the United Nations concerning the le^al status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

TD/B/C.4/178/Rev.l

NATIONS ?OB£I€ATION ٥£^! N^

?. ه.11. و ?.£ ه^ﺀﺀام

Price: $u.s. 7.00 (or equivalent in other currenciea) CONTENTS

Page Explanatory notes vi Abbreviations vii

Paragraphs Introduction

Chapter I. Tire development ot international seaborne trade 3-14 II. The developnrent of the rvorld merchant tleet 15-47 و A. Changes in the world h e e t 2-15 1. Changes in the total tonna§e ..... 15-18

21 -وrodnctivity of shipping ...... 1? .2 3. Trends in types of vessel ...... 22-25 -27 ةTrends in s i^ e 2 .4 28-29 0 ٠ . . ٠ . . ٠ Trends in propulsion .5 B. Oistrib^tion of the world deet ..... 3b-47 1 1. Oistribntion of tonna§e by type of vessel . 30-36 2. A^e distribution of the world merchant deet 37-43 44-47 ٠ . . Oistribution of tonnage on order .3 III. Shipbuilding 48-53

IV. V^orld ship p ric e s ...... 54-57 54-55 . ٠ . A. Changes in prices of new vessels B. Changes in prices of second-hand vessels 56-57

V. Ereight m arkets 58-74 A. General developments B. Changes in freight rates in 1977 67-72 21 cargo tramp marhet freight rates . . 67 21 الآه.1 ز Cargo liner freight ra te s .2 ال Тапкг freight rates 72.3 c. Ereight rate indices of selected commodities exported by developing countries 73 23 Liner freight rates as a percentage of prices of selected commodities . . . 74 23 .٥

75-95 25 ٠ . ٠ . VI. ?ort developments 75-78 25 ٠ . . . A. Ceneral notes B. □ em and for port services 79-83 25 €. Supply of port services 84-87 25 Adequacy of port services 88-95 31 ٥٠ ^.©ther developments 96-1B3 34 A. Code of Conduct for Einer Conferences 96-97 34 B. loint ventures involving developing countries 98 34 99-100 35 . . ...٠ ..٠ ...... ٠ ٠ ;...... C.^ue^ Canal D. Airtransport 101-102٩٩ E. UNCTAD technical assistance 103 35 LIST OF TABLES

Page 1. Development of international seaborne trade in 1965, 1970 and 1974-76 ...... 3 4 ٠ . by ty^es of cargo هWorld seaborne trade In 1965, 1970 and 1 9 7 1 977- .2 3. World seaborne trade in 1965, 1970, 1974, 1975 and 1976 by ty^es of car§0 and sb^res of groups of countries 4 4. Oistribntiono^orldtonna^eg.r.t.andd.^^.t.)by^rou^sofcount^ 1965,1970,1976 and 1977 6 5. Worldtonna§eonorderasat30^e^tenrberl977 7 6. Cargo carried ^er d.^^.t. of world Oeet in 1967, 1970 and 1974-1976 7 7. £stinrated ton-nriles of oil and grain shi^nrents perd.w.t. in 1965,1970 and 1974-1976, by oil tankers of 10,000 d.^^.t. and abo^e 8 8. £stinrated ton-nriles ofbnlk conrniodities carried per d.w.t. in 1967, 1970 and 1974-1976 by bnlk carriers, including conrbined carriers of 18,000 d.^^.t. and abo^e 8 9. Analysis of the world Oeet by principal types of vessel, 1970 and 1974-1977 9 10. Average si^e of selected types of vessel in the world heet in 1965, 1970 and 1975-1977 .... 9 11. ?ropulsion analysis of the world Oeet as at 1 July, 1965, 1970 and 1975-1977 10 12. £rends in propulsion of vessels on order (under construction and not conrnrenced) at 30 8eptenrber, 1975-1977 10 13. ?ercentage shares of world tonnage by type of vessel as at 1 July, 1965, 1970, 1976, 1977 . . . 12 14. ^ge distribution of world nrerchant fleet by types of vessel as at 1 July 1977 ...... 13 15. World tonnage on order as at 30 ^eptenrber 1975-1977 14 16. □eliveriesofnew buildings, 1970 and 1975-1977 15 and 1975-1977 . 15 ث Distribution of deliveries of new buildings by groups of countries of build, 190 .17 18. Distribution of tonnage on order by groups of countries of build, 1970 and 1975-1977 .... 15 19. Representative new building prices, 1970 and 1973-1977 17 20. £st^ated prices for new and ready liner-type vessels of 11,000/13,000 d.w.t., 1970 and 1973-1977 17 21. bankers: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977 18 22. Dry bulk carriers: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977 18 23. Liner-type vessels: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977 18 24. Freight rate indices, 1975-1977 ...... 20 25. ^unrnrary of liner freight rate changes and surcharges announced during the period 1974-1977 . . 22 26. Indices of freight rates of selected commodities exported by developing countries, 1975-1977 . . 23 27. ^atio of liner freight rates to prices of selected commodities, 1964, 1970 and 1973-1976 .... .24 28. Nummary of the range of questionnaires and answers by regions 25 29. Data on selected ports, 1976 26 30. Container tra®c in selected ports of developing countries, 1976 27 31. Container traffic in selected ports of developed market-economy countries, 1976 ...... 28 32. Development of container traffim in the major ^sian ports, 1974-1976 29 33. Development of container traffic in several ports of West Africa, the €aribbean and ^outh America,

29 ...... ٠ ٠ ٠ ...... ٠ ١...... and 1975 1974 34. ?resent and forecast traffic in several ports in developing countries 29 ٠ ... ز . ٠ ... ٠ ... . E r r e n t improvements to inland ports and waterways . 29 .35 36. World £ank loans or credit for port development granted in 1976-77 32 37. Average daily number and net tonnage of vessels using the Suez ^anal in 1966, 1976 and 1977 . 34 38. £rends in air freight volume and in air freight operating revenues, 1972-1976 35

٢؛ ANNEXES

I. Classification of countries and territories ...... 37 39 ٠٠٠... and 1975 ه II. World seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 197©, 197 III. Merchant heets of the I^orld by flag of registration, groups of countries and types of ships, in g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977 41 IV. Selected maximum and minimum tramp freight rates, 1974-1977 48 V. Tiner freight rate changes and surcharges announced during the year 1977 ...... 49 EXPLANATORY NOTES

References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless other^^ise indicated. References to tons are to nretric tons, unless otherwise specified. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million. ears, e.g., 1974-1975, signifies the full period^؛ Use of a h^^phen between involved, including the beginning and end )?ears. Oetails and percentages in tables do not necessaril)? add up to totals, owing to rounding.

The following symbols have been used in the tables in this Review. A full stop (.) indicates decimals. Two dots (..) signify that data are not available or ^re not separately reported. A dash (—) signifies that the amount is nil, or less than half the unit used.

٠ ٠ ٠

The classification of countries and territories used in this Review is in- tended for statistical convenience and does not necessarily imply any Judgement regarding the stage of development of any particular country. ABBREVIATIONS

Names of organizations

EEC European Economic Community E^CA? Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the ?acihc IBRO International Ban^ for Reconstruction and Oevelopment (World BanE) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation lOA International Oevelopment Association OECO Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Oevelopment OREC Organisation of the Eetroleum Exporting Countries UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Other abbreviations b.h.p. Bra^e horsepower CAE Currency adjustment factor Cost, insurance, freight d.w.t. Deadweight tons Free in and out of ship Eree on board GNP Oross national product Gross registered tons LASH Lighter aboard ship ENG Li^uehed natural gas LPG Li^uehed petroleum gas OBO Ore/bulk/oil P.W.C. ?akistan white cuttings ^ute) ro/ro Roll-on, roll-o^ RSS Ribbed smoked sheet (rubber) uivalent unitوTEU Twenty-foot e ULCC Ultra large crude carrier VLCC Very large crude carrier INTRODUCTION

1.A sin previous years, this review has been prepared by the secretariat of UNCTAD in aceordance with item V of the programme of wor^ of the Committee ا.on Shipping 2. Statistical evidence and other information with regard to the development of international maritime transport is presented and discussed in the review with a view to relating year-to-year developments to relatively longer-term trends in world shipping, ?articular attention is given to factors and developments atfecting the trade and shipping of developing countries. In order to ^eep the si^e of the tables within manageable limits, in most cases data for the most recent years only have been included. Data for earlier years can be found in the Review o f maritime transport, 1972-1973, and the Review ofmaritime transport, 1976,'^

the Trade and Development Board, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 2 /٠ Official records < (TD/B/116/Rev.l), annex II. ^Review ofmaritime transport, 1972-1973: report by the secretariat ofUNCTAD (United N^tinn ﺀ /٠ publication, Sales No. E.75.II.D.3) and Review ofmaritime transport, 1976: report by the secretariat UNCTAD (United Nations publication. Sales No. E.78.II.D.5). Chapter ! THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SEARORNE TRADE

3. The growth of seaborne trade in 1976 and 1977 4. World seaborne trade in 1965, 1970 and 1974- was significantly induenced by an economic recovery in 1976 is shown in table 1. Farther infornration by type of developed market-economy countries, which was, cargo and groups of countries is given in tabled and .The OECD growth rate annex II. Figures for 1977 are not yet available ١ .however, short-lived weakened markedly in the second quarter of 1977 and has since remained sluggish. Real ON? for OECD 5. World seaborne trade increased by 9 per cent in countries rose by an estimated 3.5 per cent in 1977 as 1976in terms ofgoods loaded.According to preliminary compared with an increase of 5.2 per cent in 1976 and an estimates, trade rose again in 1977 by some 3.3 per cent average growth of 4.3 per cent from 1964-1965 to in terms of weight and by 4.3 per cent in terms of 1974-1975. According to preliminary information, ton-miles. OECD exports rose by 4.75 per. cent as against an 6. As shown in table 1, both tanker and dry cargo increase of Id.5 per cent in the previous year; imports loadings increased in 1976 by 9 per cent. The share of rose by 5 per cent as against 14 per cent in 1976; oil tanker cargo rose marginally to 53.6 per cent of the imports rose by 5.75 per cent as against 9.5 per cent in world seaborne trade; in 1977 it should increase further 1976.^ The estimated world production of crude oil since, according to preliminary estimates, tanker cargo increased by about 3.6 per cent in 1977 to 2,94© million loadings rose by 5 per cent compared with a 2 per cent tons; the production of OPEC countries rose by 1 per increase for dry cargoes. ؛.cent to 1,541 million tons 7. In 1975, crude petroleum accounted for 83 per economic outlook 1977-1978: report by tlie cent of tanker cargo as against 81.7 per cent in the ه٢ﻫﺎ See “W أ UNCTAD ^ecreturiut” (TD/B/665/Add.l); reprinted in Official previous year; preliminary heures for 1976 and 1977 Records ofthe Trade and Development Board, Seventeenth Session, .item also Handbook oflnternational Trade and indicate marginal huctuations in these years هendجAnnexes, u Development Statistics, Supplement 1977 (United Nations publica- tion. Sales No. E/F.78.II.D.1). 8. Detailed data concerning types of dry cargo are not available. Table 1 shows that seaborne trade in the ^D£CD, OECD Economic Outlook (Paris), No. 22, Decern- five main bulk commodities rose in 1976 by 2 per cent, berl977. which was due mostly to the expansion of the grain trade Data provided to the UNCTAD secretariat by the secretariat of by about 9 million tons; these commodities accounted ﺀ DPEC. for 41.6 per cent of dry cargo total as against 44.5 per

Table 1 In 1965,1970 and 19?d-1976 ﺀ Development oflnternational seaborne trade (Goods loaded)

Drycargo

0/which: main bulk, Tankercargo Total commodities'^ Total(allgoods)

Percentage Percentage increase/ increase/ decrease over over Millions previous Millions previous Millions Millions oftonsYear year oftons year oftons oftons

11 1,674 6 327 13 812 9 2 ﺟﻮ 1965 197© 1,440 13 1,165 13 488 162,60513 1 3,304 7 668 ١ 1,471 7 - 832 1 ه97 ا 3,072-4 ١- 635 ٩- 1,428 0 -1 1,644 1975 ﺀ 3,352 غ 646 و 1,555 9 1,797 . . . . . 1976

Sources: (\) For tanker cargo, total dry cargo and total all goods: data communicated to the UNCTAD secretariat by t^e to possible subsequent revisions or other fectore, these d«ailed data may differ marginally فwin ه.tatistical Office ofthe United N iions$ ^om the aggregated figures reported in the United Nations, MonthlyBulletin ofStatistics. January issues. Charteri ؟ii) For main bul^ commodities: Feai^ley and £gei) unloading at po^^of the same ؟a Including international cargoes loaded at ports ofthe Great I^kes and St. Lawrence system fo system, but excluding such traffic in main bulk commodities. Including petroleum im^3!^s into Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago for refining and re-export. b Iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite/alumina and phosphate. Since 1973, the categoiY “grain” includes also soya beans and sorghum. cent in 1975. Estimates for 1977 indicate that, while products. “General cargoes” are mostly moved In liner seaborne trade in dry cargo increased by 1.8 per cent, the vessels, Including container vessels, although some are trade in iron ore, coal and grain declined by 3.7, 1.6 and transported by tramps and specialised carriers; “minor” ؛per cent respectively. bulh commodities are increasingly carried by bull 2 9. The remaining 909 million tons — i.e. 58.5 per carriers, although some are carried in small shipments cent ofthe dry cargoes carried by sea in 1976— consisted on liner vessels. In 1976, about 78 million tons of cargoes were carried by bulh carriers and ؛of “general cargo” and “minor” bul^ commodities; the “minor” bull latter comprise a wide range of cargoes, including sugar, combined carriers of 18,000 d.w.t. and over, as salt, fertilisers, cement, gypsum, sulphur, pyrites, compared with 151 million tons in 1975. mineral sands, manganese and non-ferrous ores, petro- 10. Table 2 gives data on world seaborne trade in leum coEe, scrap iron, pig iron, steel products and wood terms on ton-miles. ?reliminary estimates for 1977

Table 2 World seaborne ^rade in 1965,1976 and 1974-1977 by types of cargo {Billions ofton-miles)

Crude Oil Iron Other Total products ore Coal Grain^ cargo trade /■)٠ Year

و 2480640 ...... و96 ا27 216 449 1 537 5 849 1970 ...... 5 597 890 1 093 481 475 2 118 10 654 1974 ...... 9 660 960 1 578 558 695 2 935 16 386 1975 ...... 8882 845 1 471 621 734 2 810 15 363 1976 ...... 10229 950 1469 591 779 3035 17053 1977 (estimated) . . 10 800 1 020 1 400 585 760 3 220 17 785

.Oslo), January 1978) ﺀاSoMree.-Feamley and Egcrs chartering Co. L^d., Review77 .Inoludes wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye, sorghum and soya bean ﺀ show that, notwithstanding a decline in ftgures for iron (62.1 per cent in 1974) and 73.7 per cent of unloadings ore, coal and grain, the world seaborne trade rose again (77 per cent in 1974); their share of petroleum unload- and reached a peah level. ings was 79.2 per cent for crude petroleum and 79 per 11. The percentage shares of various groups of cent for petroleum pr^ucts (79 per cent and 80.3 per ^ ؛؛^؟- e of world seaborne trade, s e p a r ؛countries in t^evolun ,petroleum loadings ٥٠ ^ ٠؛ atelyby loadingsandunloadingsandtypesofcargoes,in counted for؟ou^trieg^a؟ n 1975, developing •?رص lo^ded by groups of ؟actu^l^dua^tities loaded atld u

per cent in 1974 to 93.9 per ﻣﻖ loadings declined from 9 4 ■® ” ١٧٢ 12. In 1975, the developed markt-Cconomycoun- cent for crude petroleum and from 6d.7 per cent in 1974 tries accounted for 32.8 per cent of the tonnage loaded to 57.7 per cent for petroleum products ; the percentage (31.4 per cent in 1974) and 76.6 per cent of the tonnage of petroleum unloaded in developing countries only unloaded (78.3 per cent in 1974). These countries amounted to 18.9 per cent of the world total in 1975. accounted for 62.4 per cent of dry cargo loadings 161.6 million tons of petroleum products were loaded in

Ta ble3 by types of cargo and shares of groups of ^onntriesb ﺀWorld seaborne tradea in 1965,19?©, 1974,b 1975 and 1976 (Millions oftons andpercentages ofworldtotal)

Goods unloaded Petroleum Total Petroleum Total Countrygroup allDry Dry all andyear Crude Products cargo ProductsCrude cargo (Trade in millions oftons) w©rld total 1965 . 240 81? 1674 622 222 676! ؛530 127 1 302 1101 605 2 165 1 330 1110 . 1970 1974 . 1497 335 1472 3 304 1470 312 1472 ؛055 287 373 1 072 3 1428 280 364 1 1975 ؛233 1619 — 1614 — 352 3 555 1 1797■ . 1976 وه،م، Percentage share ofeach category ofgoods in) World total ؛00.0 49.7 13.2 37.1 100.0 48.5 14.3 37.2 . 1965 1970 42.6 12.7 44.7 100.0 43.5 11.9 44.6 100.0 1974 . 45.3 10.2 44.5 100.0 45.2 9.6 45.2 100.0 1975 . 44.4 9.1 46.5 100.0 45.0 9.4 45.6 100.0 1976 . 46.4 100.0 — 49.9 — 50.1 100.0 T a b l e ?! (continued) ﻫﺔﻣﺎأﻣﺤ ال0؛by types olcar^o and scares olgroups 00 ﺀة197and ع97 ل ه, World>؛ه World seaborne1970,197 tradeIn>؛ In 197, 70 19 percentages o f world total(and ﺀ« مﺀ/م (Millions

Goods unloadedGoods loaded Goods unloadedGoods Petroleum Total Petroleum Total allDry //٠ Countrygroup Dry andyear ProductsCrude cargo ProductsCrude cargo groups ofcountries(by ﺀﻣﺤﺮ، كﺀ/م (Percentage share Developed ]narl،et-econonry countries 1963 ...... 0.1 23.3 33.9 78.9 79.0 76.3 78.1 1970 1.3 26.9 60.0 79.9 79.4 79.1 79.5 1974 1.7 62.1 79.0 77.0 78.3 1973 2.4 lli 62.4 32.8 79.2 79.0 76.6 Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia 1963 4.6 6.9 0.4 1.0 1970 ...... 3.4 8.0 6.1 1.1 2.1 ١٦ 7.2 10.0 2.9 1974 1973 ...... 3.7 12.3 7.3 2.1 6.3 4.1 Ofwhich: in Eastern E^ope 1963 4.6 0.4 0.9 ^.4 1970 ...... 3.4 8.0 1.0 1974 2.7 6.4 5.0 1.7 0.8 2.7 1973 ...... 3.1 12.3 6.4 1.9 3.4 in Asia 1963 ...... — 1.4 0.6 0.1 1.7 0.7 1970 ...... — 0.3 0.3 0.1 2.1 1.2 1974 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 1973 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.8 1.3 0.7 Developing countries 1963 93.3 67.8 61.8 20.7 20.0 17.6 18.8 1970 63.9 93.0 63.1 18.4 18.0 17.1 1974 60.7 30.7 93.4 63.1 19.3 17.6 17.7 18.4 1973 30.3 93.9 61.1 18.9 18.9 19.8 19.3 Ofwhich: in Atrica 1963 10.6 16.0 11.1 4.1 1970 23.4 4.1 1974 7.6 16.6 11.2 2.7 3.7 1973 7.3 16.1 11.0 4.3 2.8 inAnrerica 1963 42.8 20.9 21.0 6.0 7.3 1970 36.2 12.2 16.0 3.1 4.4 7.2 1974 ...... 7.4 33.0 4.6 7.3 1973 7.3 7.4 7.4 in Asia 1963 23.3 38.4 29.4 7-3 1970 8.2 37.4 6.1 8.4 7.4 71.4 8.6 ة:ة 1974 1973 70.3 26.1 7.9 in Europe 1963 ...... 0.1 1970 ...... 0.1 1974 ...... 0.1 1973 — 0.1 a in Dceania 1963 0.7— 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 1970 0.1 0.8— 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 1974 07— 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 ،0.1 0.3 —0.6 1973

,Preliminary estimates from data in United Nations, Monthly Bulletin o f Statistics ٠ .Лмгсе.Аппех П of the present Review .ol.xxxu,No. !,January 1978^ ٠ ١ to table ه See note ﺀ .ee annex I below for the composition of these groups$ ه developing countries in 1975, i.e. some 56 million tons 14. Socialist countries of £astcrn Europe and ^sia less than in 197d, 75 per cent of the decline being increased tire percentage of cargoes loaded in their ports attributed to developing countries in America. The from 5.5 per cent in 1974 to 6.1 per cent in 1975 ; cargo relative importance of different geographical groups of unloaded rose from 3.3 per cent to 4.1 per cent. The higher in the loadings of petroleum ؛developing countries in the total loadings and unload- increase wa .cargo unloadings ^؛ings has not changed signihcantj. products and in dr Chapter II THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MECHANT FLEET

A. Changes In the ^nrld fleet ing increase of 9 per cent in g.r.t. (10 per cent in d.w.t.) fronr mid-1975 to mid-1976. This figure includes laid- 1. Changes in the total tonnage up tonnage, which, according to the Oeneral Council of British Shipping, was 19.7 !million g.r.t. or 37.1 nrillion (a) Existing tonnage d.w.t. Despite the decline of the rate of growth of the 15. In mid-1977, world sea-going tonnage world fleet, the tonnage increase was the third largest amounted to 388.5 million g.r.t. (641.3 million d.w.t.), since 1948. Tonnage changes from 1965 to 1977 and the which rejects a rise of 5.8 per cent in g.r.t. (6.7 per cent shares of various groups of countries are shown in in d.w.t.) over mid-1976, compared with a correspond­ table 4.

T able 4 g.r.t. and d.w.t.) by groups of countries of registration in 1965,197©, 1976 and 1977) ،؛Distribution of world tonnage (Mid-yearfigures)

Tonnage andpercentage^ Increase in tonnage (g.r.t).

ﺀﻛﺎ،ك^ﻋﺎ> ا/م Share Millions ofg.r.t. Millions ofd.w percentage)) Flags ofregistration in groups of lndexl977 1976- 1965- countries 1965 1970 1976 197619701977 1977 1977 1977 (100=1%5)

265 100 ١^^ .2 ا World total 146.8 367.1 6 0 .1 (loao) (00.0)[ (ioo!o) (0. 100) (0. 100 ) )ة:ةئ ؛( (0. 100 )

2. Developed market-economy countries 102.2 141.1 207.3 211.0 210.9 337.0 343.t 45.0 17.3 06^ (33.8) ) ا (36. (64.7) (34.3) (36.3) (64.8) pen registry countries، 22.1 40.9 109.2 70.3 184.2 203.2 36.0 43.3 494© .3 (13.1) (18.8) (2Т1) (21.6) (30.6) (31.7)

238 62.6 81.0 348.3 .2 ا Total 2 and; 124.3 182.0 306.8 320.2 281.2 3 2 .4 (83.6) (83.6) (82.4) (86.3)

19.3 37.0 39.8 9.2 8.9 306 ١٨٨ Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia (6.2) (6.1) )6ت6أ 6)ت(8 (8.3) (8.9) (7.4) Ofwhich: in Eastern Europe ...... 10.3 18.6 20.3 33.3 7.6 280 (7.0) (8.5) (7.3 (7.4) (6.2)

0.9 4.3 730 ٨٨ ...... i n A s i a (1.0) (0.9) )ث؛( (1.2) (1.0) (0.4) (0.4)

13.2 33.4 4©.8 39.9 9.3 ١٨٠ ...... Developing countries total (7.4) (7.0) (7.3) (8.6) (6.6) (6.8) (7.9) Ofwhich: 1.1 3 6 3.7 6.1 » ٨ in Africa ...... ©.6 4.7 آ in America ...... 4.8 6.4 9.8 10.8 14.3 13.9 .7 in A s i a ...... 8.0 13.0 18.6 11.7 22.8 29.1 3.4 16.8 4 .ه — ٨١ — in Europe . . . 0.1 - ٨١٨١٨١ 0.1 0.1 . ٠ in Oceania

4 .هOtlrer, unallocated 0.7 9.4 .7 ق(0 4)ت(0 أ:ئ( أن( (ﻗﺊ أن( (0.3)

.Compiled from Lloyd's Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables (London) and ^ Figures in parentheses ;?،^٠٧ ^ The composition of this group of countries differs from that adopted in the report ٠ .g.r.t. and above سsupplemental data covering vessels of 1 nd «Economic consequences of the existence or lack of a genuine link between vessel and flag؟ Excludng the Un[ted St^es of America reserve fleet and the United States و ,However .( ٥؟ ^ secretariat ofUNCTAD (TD/B/C.4/168 and 1 ؟Canadian Great L^ikes fleets, which in 19?? amounted respectively to !.?, !.?, 1.8 million pf registry: repo« by th g.r.t. for the sake of stati^ical consistency, the classification ofcountries in the present Review Bulk carriers All (including Other ships Tankers combined ships (millions Change (millions Change carriers) Change (millions Change Tonnage on order as at ofd.w.t.) (percentage) ofd.w.t.) (percentage) ofd.w.t.) (percentage) ofd.w.t.) (percentage) 30 September 1976 ..... 103.5 51.0 30.5 22.0 -0.7 31Deeemberl976 ..... 90.0 38.9 29.2 21.9

31 March 1977 ...... 82.3 33.5 27.3 21.6

30 June 1977 ...... 72.4 28.2 23.8 20.5 -0 .4 30 September 1977 ..... 65.8 24.6 20.7 20.4

.Register ofshipping and by Lloyd’s ot London Press Ltd ﺀ'ﻣﺢ>رم/ﺀكSource: Data provided by the Shipping tntonnation Seivieea 0

T a b l e 5 e on order as at 30 September 1977؛ !World (Thousands ofd.w.t.)

Tankers Tankers Ore/oil Other Full Ro/ro مﺀراﺀه bulk container container cargo LASH مﺀﻣﻤﺢ»اا، All lS0000d.w.t. under andover ISOOOOdw.t. carriers carriers ships ships ships ships ships ﺀ>ﺗﻴﺎاﺀد Country grouping !.W orld total ..... 65 755 17231 7394 3 198 17 551 1 855 299 1602 2. Developed market-economy 130 9 170 1 204 1272 ؛countries 37236 11419 912 707 3. Dpen registry cou^ries 14 123 4 525 345 418 24 2 541 11671 24 1227 235 1690 ؛Total 2 plus 3 . . . 51358 15 944 >320 1257 990 .4 5. Socialist countries total . 2 890 462 800 16 608 Ofwhich: in£astern£urope . . 2 752 612 462 755 25 16 527 in Asia ..... 138 45 812 3 — 56 117 ؛Developing countries total 10 644 1287 348 1479 496 .6 Ofwhich: inAfrica ..... 956 153 10 — 791 1064 — 29 31" ؛in America .... 6300 1 132 317 1232 447 in A sia ...... 3 387 155 29 247 896 17 — 1958 in Oceania ..... 0.3 0.3 7. Dther unallocated . . . 862 102 — 22 — 437

yource.ShippinglnformationServicesofL/ort/’sBegijtero^AippingandLloyd’sofLondonl .Developing conntries in Enrope had no tonnage on order و

(b) Tonnage on order^ further as indicated in table 6, the growth ofthe world 16. During the 12-month period ending JO ^eptem- tonnage being substantial!)? higher than the increase in ber 1977, world tonnage on order dropped by 37.7 mil- the world seaborne trade. lion d.w.t. to 65.8 million d.w.t. 20. Tables 7 and 8 show the trends in ^roductivit)? of 17. The over-all decline was due mainly to the lack tankers of 10,000 d.w.t. and above and ofbulk carriers of of new orders for tankers and bulk carriers, although it 18,000 d.w.t. and above in ternrs of ton-i^iles of cargo was partly offset by a 15 per cent decrease in deliveries. carried per year per deadweight ton ofthe active Oeet. Drders for tankers of 150,000 d.w.t. and above declined by 21.5 million d.w.t., which represented 57 per cent of T a b l e 6 the reduction; bulk carriers (excluding combined carriers) and other tankers decreased respectively by Cargo carried per d.w.t. of world Beet in 1967,1970 and 1974-1976 7.4 million d.w.t. and 4.9 million d.w.t. 18. World tonnage on order by types of vessels and groups of countries as at 30 September 1977 is shown in Cargo carriedper d.w.t. (millions Totalcargocarried Tons Index table 5. ofd.w.t.^Year (millions oftons) (1960^100) 2. Productivity ofshipping 1967 . 240.9 1910 7.93 116 1970 . . 326.1 2 605 7.99 117 19. The productivity ofthe world fleet, measured in 1974 . 486.9 3317 6.81 99 tons of cargo carried per d.w.t. oftotal fleet, has declined 1975 . . 546.3 3 175 5.81 85 1976 . . 601.2 3 352 5.58 82 The discussion on !he tonnage on order in this chapter is based on ٠ data provided to the UNCTAD secretariat by the Shipping Infor- Sources: World fleet: Lloyd’s Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), various Statistics, January /٠ ssues; total cargo carried: United Nations, Monthly Bulletin؛ mation Services of Lloyd's Register ofshipping and by Lloyd’s of issues, Including respectively 33.4 million d.w.t. and 49.5 million d.w.t. of laid-up tonnage ﺀLondon Press Ltd. The data from this source do not include ships on ат order with the yards in the USSR, Romania and Uhina. 19?5 and 1976 (according to the General Gouncil ofBritish Shipping). 7 T a b l e ? Estimated ton-miles of oil and grain shipments per d.w.t., in 1965,1970 and 1974-1976, by oil tankers of 10,000 d.w.t. and abore

Estimated ton-miles Index Total Total active Grain oil/grain oil/grain Fleet active ТоП‘ГпИез fleet shipments shipments shipments shipments fleet per active produc- (millions (million (millions (thousand (millions (millions tivity Year oftons) oftons) oftons) million) ofd.w.t)^ ofd.w.t)° (thousand)^ (1962=100)

108 39.8 79.6 80.0 172 3 735.8 13.8 722 ٠ . .1965 (39.7) 1970. . . 1 179 1 181.9 6 038 137.8 137.6 119 8) إ(4 1974. . . 1484 7.0 1491.0 9 523 230.5 230.3 113 (41.3) 36.3 245.6 273.0 904 8 386.2 1 380 1 ٠ . .1975 (32.6) 1976. . . 1 557 5.4 1 562.4 10301 307.0 264.5 106 (33.6)

Mid-year figures و Sources: Compiled on thebasis ofFeamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review 1977 information on the laid-up آ and information provided by the b Estimated by the UNCTAD secretariat on the b^^i^ 0 ,(ث97 ا ,1976 (Oslo ^ ^٢٢ Oslo, 1978), World Bulk) publishers to the UNCTAD seeretariat. tanker tonnage issued by the Cenera] Counci■ ofBritish Shipping. .Ton-miles per d.w.t. of total tanker ■leet are indicated in brackets ﺀ

21. In 1976, the productivity index for tanhers increase between mid-1976 and mid-!9?? ; their respec- increased by 8 points because of an improvement in the tive shares were 37 per cent, 28 per cent and 16 per cent. trading conditions for tankers during the course of the The rate ofgrowth of the t^n^er deet was 3.5 per cent as months; a اper cent in the previous 2 ا. year and a consequent reduction of slow steaming; against !2 moreover, the amount of laid-up tanher tonnage further dechne can be expected since the worid order remained comparatively high. Un the other hand, the boo^ for tan^rs dropped during the year ending by about 52 per cent. In the same إproductivity index for bulk carriers declined by a further September 977 6 points as a result of a modest lay-up level, slower period, orders for bul^ carriers dechned by 3d per cent. turn-rounds, and the carriage of part cargoes. In view ofthe ditdcuities experienced in !977 in fmding suitable employment for large bul^ carriers, it is doubt- ful that the rate of growth of 12.2 per cent for this type of tonnage will be maintained. 3. Trends in types ofvessel 24. The highest rates of growth were recorded for chemical carriers and liquefied gas carriers. Norway 22. Table 9 shows the composition of the world accounted for 42 per cent of the increase of chemical merchant fleet by types of vessel since 197d and tankers. The tonnage of liqueded gas carriers rose by indicates the growth rates of different types. about 1 million g.r.t.,ofwhich 42 per cent was registered 23. Orefeulk carriers, tan^rs and general cargo in Tiberia, 15 per cent in Algeria, and 11 per cent in the ships accounted for 81 per cent of the total tonnage United States of America.

T a b l e 8 in t967, t970 and 1974-1976 by buik carriers, including combined carriers و.Estimated ton-miles of bulk eommodities carried per d.w.t of 18,000 d.w.t. and abo^e

Estimated ton-miles Total ofbulk /٠ bulk cargo, Index cargo carried, Total active including including Total active Ton-miles fleet // ٠ Drybulk -oil fleet fleet per active produc //٠ cargo مﺀ^ا،ع (millions (millions (millions (thousand (millions (millions d.w.t. tivity (100 = 1960) ﻫﺮﺀﻣﺤﺎاس،،ﻣﺎاﺀم ^(.Year oftons) oftons) oftons) million) ofd.w.t.)° ofd.w.t 1967..... 258 29 287 1330 33.2 40.1 119 1970..... 439 61 500 2 636 62.2 62.2 42.4 125 1974..... 680 140 820 4 603 121.8 121.3 (37.8) 1975 ..... 674 112 786 4 446 132.9 125.9 104 (33.5) 1976..... 730 121 851 4 577 145.5 137.9 (29.7)

Sources: Compiled on the basis of Fearnley and gersCha^eringCo. Ltd., World Bulk ،Estimated by t،te UNCTAD secretariat on t>te basis of information for inactive by the publishers to the UNCTAD combined carriers, ore carriers and bulk carriers reported in H. p. Drewry ($hipping ل ،Trades 1976 (Dslo, 1977); also information provi secretariat. Consultants Ltd.,) (London), various issues. .Ton-miles per d.w.t. of total bulk carrier fleet are indicated in parentheses ق .Including oil cargoes in combined carrier و .Mid-year figures ﺀآ T able 9 ظ'وAnalysis of the world fleet by principal types of vessel, 1970 and 1974-1977 (Thousands ofg.r.t.)

Percentage Principaltypes 1970 1974 1975 1976 1977 change )976У1977

© i l t a n ^ r s ...... 14086 491129 130037 168 161 174 123 (37.9) (41.6) (43.9) (43.2) (44.2) Liquefied gas carriers ...... 1330 24 1 3 2 999 3 377 4411 30.6 )ا.ل( (0.9) (0.9) (0.8) (0.6) Chemical carriers ...... 431 748 967 1274 1733 (0.3) و)ر3ر(0. (0.3) (0.3) (0.2) Miscellaneous tankers ------122 114 168 46.1

4.3 08926 23 ر2؛03 6 اأ237 33 ر20 اflulk/oil carriers (including ore/oil carriers) - . 83 1 7 2 (7.1) (6.9) (6.7) (6.6) 71466 40337 4ر3 ﻣﺈre and hulk carriers ------3© (16.9) (18.4) (18.1) (17.9) (19.0) General cargo (including passenger/cargo) . - 39672 67468 39970 60873 08877 4.7 (31.8) (22.1) (20.6) (19.8) (19.6) Co^ainer ships (fully cellular) ...... 1908 6291 2446 6836 3437 (0.8) (2.0) (1.8) (1.8) (1.9) Lighter carriers ------666 796 796 793 -0.1 )2. 0( (0.2) ﺟﺈ2ؤ(0 )2. 0( ^ehiele carriers ...... 469 687 633 - 7 .9 )0 .2( (0.1) (0.2) )0 .2( Tish factories and c a r r ie r s ...... 8047 68310 11849 16212 (3.4) (3.4) (3.1) . ٠٠٠ . (Wishing (including factory trawlers

Terries and passenger vessels ...... 2991 1927 4207 7 302 7091

(1.3) (2.0) (1.8) All other vessels، ...... 7997 1313 7373 6 209 9866 (3.4) (1.6) (1.7) (1.7) (1.8)

ToTAL(lOO.O) 227 490 311 320 342 162 372 000 393 678

,Figures in parentheses indicate share p^tpnnage in world total ط Shipping: Statistical Tables (Lpndon), 197© and /٠ Register ﺀ'ﻣﺤﺮره/ﺀ :Source ,supph ships and tendeta, tugs, dredgers, ice-breakers ,؟rear hgrrres). с Ineluding livestoclt carriet؛-rnid) 1974-1977 1974-1976, cable ships and nriscellaneous ca^o ships ٢^ The data in this table are not contparable with the data in table 4 because they research ships and others; and و include the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and Enadian Ureat ^ k e s Beets.

25. The world container fleet increased by 0.9 mil- 4. Trends in size lion g.r.t. and there was about 2 million g.r.t. of the ©Tain types of آه In 1977, the average size .26 container ships on order to ensure its further growth. vesseis in the world trading fieet increased farther, The tonnage of ro-ro vessels rose from 1.9 million g.r.t. except for container ships, as indicated in table 10. in Snuary 1976 to 2.3 million g.r.t. a year later.? In Retween 1970 and 1977, thesizeoftanlrers and liquefied September 1977, orders for ro-ro cargo ships stood at gas carriers rose by 99 and 91 per cent respectively, that 1.2 million g.r.t., which suggests that a further substan- of bulk carriers by 34 pef cent, and that of container tial increase of the ro-ro fleet can be expected. The ships by 30 per cent ; the lowest rate occurred for general lighter-carrier fleet remained virtually static, but a cargo ships, the size ofwhich increased by 8 per cent. further 96,000 d.w.t. are on order. 27. The average size of tankers in the world order Vessels book in September 1977 was approxiinately ٠٢^٠ © Fearnley and Egers Chartering c©. Ltd., Ro-ro ’ e L 89,000 d.w.t. as against about 43,000 d.w.t. for tankers؛tah ,ا January 977 ,(©اﺀ©)

T able !0 Average size ©f seleeted types ©f vessel in tbe w»rld fleet in 1965,1970 and 1975-1977

19701965 19761975 1977 372 14114 21 363 23 934 23 192 ١٠ ...... (.i! tankers (^ .r.t© d.w.t.) ...... 24 340 40 090 43 379 48 303 ط Equivalent) ©re/bulk ©arrière (including bulk/©il carriers) (g.r.t.) ..... 13 369 18434 23 032 23 331 23 399 (Equivalent in d .w .t.)...... 30 172 39 336 40213 40 443 General carg© ships (including passenger/carg©) (g.r.t.) .... 3 237 3 297 3 391 3 494 c©ntainer ships ( g .r .t . ) ...... 11423 14 839 13091 14 878 Liquefied gas carriers ( g .r .t . ) ...... 4 686 7 123 7 799 8 947

.Tables (London), respective issues / هﺀ،رﺀ'اﺀﻫﺮﺀ:Source: Compiled on the basis ofdata pubbshed in Lloyd's Register ofShipping Table 11

ه Propulsion analysis ofthe world fleet as at 1 July, 1965,1970 and 1975-1977

977/ ه7ئءا 7ء/ 19701965 1. Steamships 10.1 . . ٠ . Reciprocating (0.8) 0) إ( (4.5) (134) Reciprocating and turbine (1.1) (0.5) il (0.2) (0.2) 47.6 129.5 133.9 . ٠ ٠ . . . Turbine (34.0) (34.8) (34.7) 6) إ(29 (29.7) Turbo-electric .... (2.6) (1.5) (0.8) (0.7) (0.6) Subtotal ...... 126.1 136.3 140.1 (35.6) (36.7) (36.9) (36.1) 8) ل(4 2. Motorships Diesel ...... 143.8 213.7 233.4 251.1 (52.7) (63.2) (62.5) (62.7) (63.8) Diesel-electric .... 0.8 (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) )أل( (0.5) 145.4 215.9 235.7 253.6 ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ , Subtotal (53.2) (63.9) (63.1) (63.3) (64.4)

T o t a l (Steanr- and nrotorships) 160.5 227.4 342.0 372.0 (100.0) ( 100.0) ( 100.0) ( 100.0) (lo a o )

.Tables (London), various issues /ا،ﺀ'ر(ﺀ'، ﺀﻫﻊ :Source: Compiled 0» the hasis ofdata eoptaitted itt Lloyd’s Register ofshipping .figures in patentheses indicate percentage oftvorld deet و

The average si^e of this type of vessel 29. The diesel engine remains the most popular ؟.being scrapped should therefore continue to increase. Dnly marginal prime ntover, particularl)? in the slow-speed, direct- changes can be expected with regard to ore/bulk carriers coupled form, and propels 63.8 per cent ofthe world (including combined carriers) since the average si^e of gross registered tonnage. Steam turhines, however, those on order amounted to 39,673 d.w.t. compared dominate in si^es of 80,000 g.r.t. and over; as at with 40,445 d.w.t. in the existing Oeet. Container ships mid-19??, there were ?29 steamships in these si^e -Tahle 12 indi ﺀ.may show an increase in 1978 as container vessels on groups compared with 14? motor ships order were on the average some 2,300 g.r.t. larger than cates a marked increase in the shar^ of turbines for those in the world fleet in 1977. vessels ordered in the 75,000-99,999, class; conse- quently, the percentage of steamships of 80,000 g.r.t. 5. Trends in propulsion and ov^r in the world tonnage should increase further. 28. Table 11 gives an analysis of the propulsion system of vessels in the world Oeet in recent years.

,Lloyd's Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), 1977 ٠ .Based on data published by E.A. Gibson, Shipbrokers Ltd ؛ (London), 15 December 1977. pp. 39-31.

T a b l e 12 (I propulsion of vessels on order (under construcüon and not commenced أ Trends at 30 ^eptemher, 1975-1977

1977 ه7ﺀ / 1975 of of of which which which motor motor motor Size group No. of No. of (ing.r.t.) vessels (penmtage) (percentage) vessels (percentage)

100.0 ؛450 100.0 587 2 100.0 902 -100 9 999 1048 96.4 879 99929 ن 000ل 91.1 235 92.3 337 92.7 510 99974 ن 0030 75 00CT 99 999 104 56.7 89 50 26.0 100 ООО and over 254 7.9 105 43 11.6

Return (London), for ﺀا>اﻣﺢ/ ا»ﺀﺀآااك Merchant■, ﺀ«ﺀم>/، ااك/م Register ﺀ’ﻣﺢ>رم/ ﺀSource: Compiled on the h^$i$ ( contained in 1 coD-e^ponding quarters.

ه1 B. Distribution of the wprld fleet accounted for 20 per cent. The tan ^r fleets of petro- n§ developing countries rose by 60 per cent؛leu!n-export 1. Distribution oftonnage by type ofvessel to 10.4 nrllllon d.w.t., and their share In the total tanker tonnage of developing countrlds Increased from 39 per 30. Annex lllgivesthedistributionofworldtonnage cent In July 1976 to 47.6 per cent a year later. by flag of registration and by type ofvessel at mid-1977. The distribution by groups of countries for different types of vessels is shown in table 13. ;;>؛/ 1976 19741975 ﻣﺢ^ﺀاIn the year ending mid-1977, the open registry 1970 .31 fleets, which are generally regarded as beneficially Asia and Oceania - - - owned by developed market-economy countries, rose Afri^ ...... 0.30.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 from 99.5 million g.r.t. to 109,2 million g.r.t.; tankers Latin America and Uarihhean and bulk carriers accounted for 74 per cent of the E u r o p e ...... 0.70.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 growth. Th^ national-flag fleets of developed market- Total developing countries economy countries rose from 207.3 million g.r.t. to 211 million g.r.t.; mainly because ofthe 3.4 million Source: Lloyd’s Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), various issues, with adjustment for the United Siates Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian g.r.t. increase in the bulk cau-ier tonnage; their tanker Oreat Lakes (leets. fleet declined by 1.2 million g.r.t. 32. The share of the fleets of developed market- economy countries (including open registry fleet) decreased by 1.2 percentage points to 82.4 per cent of the world total. The reduction applied to all types of 2. Age distribution ofthe world merchant fleet vessels except barge carriers, and ranged from 1.8 per- -ofthe world fleet in mid ه0اﺳﻆ1ﻛﺎة1ف The age .37 centage points for container ships to 0.3 percentage 1977 is shown in table 14. In 1977, the percentage of point for general cargo vessels. Developed market- tonnage under 5 years declined by 1 percentage point economy countries own 89 per cent ofthe world tanker while tonnage from 5 to 9 years increased accordingly. and bulk carrier tonnage, 67 per cent of general cargo The shares of the remaining two age groups have not and 95 per cent of container fleets. The share of open changed. registryfleetsrosebyl percentagepointto28.1 percent, reflecting an increased use of these flags by operators 38. The age composition of the fleet of developed from developed market-economy countries. market-economy countries has deteriorated. Their tonnage under 5 y^ars dropped from 40 to 37 per cent, 33. Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia the shares of the ne^t two age groups remained marginally increased their share in the world tonnage unchanged, while tonnage of 15 years and over from 8.5 per cent in 1976 to 8.6 per cent in 1977. No increased from 16 to 18 per cent. ma)or changes took place in the structure of their fleet by types of ship. The share of these countries remained 39. The fleet of open registry countries has become relatively higher for general cargo ships and the category younger; 66 per cent under 10 years as against 63 per “other ships”. cent in 1976 and tonnage in the age group of 15 years and over declined from 24 to 21 per cent. 34. The fleets of developing countries, including Augoslavia but excluding open registry fleets of the 40. The age structure of fleet of socialist countries Bahamas and Bermuda, increased from 7.5 per cent to has deteriorated as their tonnage under 10 years 8.6 per cent in terms of g.r.t. and from 6.8 per cent to decreased from 49 to 46 per cent, although the age group 7.9 per cent in terms of d.w.t. Developing countries of under 5 years remained unchanged. The percentage of Asia accounted for some 60 per cent ofthe total growth ; their fleet from 10 to 14 years increased by 1 percentage among them Kuwait, Republic of Korea and Algeria point and the proportion of vessels of 15 years and over registered the highest increases. As in the previous year, rose from 23 to 25 per ceht. developing countries were less affected by the depressed 41. Developing countries have further improved the condition ofthe world freight market, particularly of its age composition of their fleet; 39 per cent is under tanker section, and their share in the world active fleet in 5 years and 21 per cent is between 5 and 9y^ars, mid-1977 (i.e. excluding laid-up vessels) was greater and compared with 35 and 19 per cent respectively in 1976. amounted to 9 per cent in terms of g.r.t. and 8.3 per cent Their tonnage of 15 years and over dropped by 5 per- in terms of d.w.t. centage points to 27 per cent. 35. The percentage share of developing countries in 42. With regard to types of vessels, the world tanker the world d.w.t. tonnage in recent years is indicated in fleet has become younger as the percentage of tankers the text table below. The data in the table include under 10 years rose by 2 points to 73 per cent, while that Augoslavia but exclude the Bahamas and Bermuda, and of tankers of 15 years and over declined from 16 to therefore are not comparable with the ligures in tables 4 14 per cent. The âge structure ofthe world bulk carrier and 13. fleet continued to deteriorate: tonnage under 5 years 36. Developing countries increased their share of all dropped from 41 to 37 per cent and there was an increase vessel types from 0.7 percentage points for bulk carriers of 3 percentage points in the age group from 10 to to 1.8 percentage points for the category “other ships”. 14 years and of 1 percentage point in the tonnage of Tankers ^nd bulk carriers, prices for which remained 15 years and over. It is noteworthy that, ofthe three particularly attractive for the buyers, accounted for ma)or types of vessels in the world fleet indicated in the respectively 44 and 22 per cent of the growth of the table, general cargo ships have the worst age compo- tonnage of theses countries; general cârgo ships sition. 11 (.In terms ofg.r.t) و Table 13. Percentage shares of world tonnage by type of vessel as at 1 July, 1965,1970,1976,1977

All ships oflOO g.r.t. and over Oreand^bulk General Millions Percentage carriers including cargo Container carryirig Countrygroupingandyear o f world total Tankers combinedcarriers ships^ ships vessels Other ships

World total Percentage share by vesseltype 1963 .... 146.8 100.0 37.1 11.1 ^ ^ ^ — 31.8• 1970 .... 217.9 100.0 39.4 20.2 30.2 0.9 1976 .... 367.1 100.0 43.7 24.2 19.6 1.8 0.2 1977 .... 388.3 100.0 44.7 23.2 19.3 1.9 0.2

Developed market- Percentage share by groups ofcountries economy countries 1965 ...... 102.2 69 7 67.)5 74.6 — 1970 ...... 141.1 64.8 63.) 63.1 61.3 1976 ...... 207.3 56.5 56.: 61.3 46.9 90.6 100.0 57 2 53.6 100.0 87.2 46.0 39.2 53؛.54.3 211.0 ...... 1977 Open registry countries 1965 ...... 22.1 13.0 23.8 20.3 - 6 .7 1970 ...... 40.9 18.8 26.4 24.1 1.0 7.0 6.4 م20 29.1 33.7 99.3 ...... 1976 1977 ...... 109.2 28.1 33.0 20.6 8.0 Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia 1965 ...... 10.9 7.4 4.3 1970 ...... 19.5 4.7 2.1 29.1 1976 ...... 3.7 17.4 1.4 1977 ...... 33.3 8.6 4.4 16.9 1.3 Ofwhich: in Eastern Europe 1965 ...... 10.2 4.3 1970 ...... 18.5 4.6 2.1 12.0 1976 ...... 7.3 3.1 14.3 9 ن2 3.6 7.4 28.8 ...... 1977 in Asia 1965 ...... 0.7 0.3 0.3 1970 ...... 1.0 2.1 0.1 1.1 0.3 1976 ...... 3.7 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 1977 ...... 4.5 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 Developing countries (excluding open registry countries) 1 9 6 . 3 ...... 10.9 7.4 4.0 1970 ...... 7.0 4.7 1976 ...... 7.0 1977 ...... 8.6 7.0 ofwhich: in Africa 1965 . . . 0.6 0.4 0.1 ■0.5 1970 . . . 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.7 1976 . . . 0.7 0.6 1.0 1977 . . . 1.0 1.0 1.7 in America 1965 . . . 4.8 1970 . . . 6.4 2.9 4.3 1976 . . . 9.8 2.7 4.7 1977 . . . 10.8 in Asia 1965 . . . 0.7 5.4■ 1970 . . . 8.0 3.7 1.7 7.4 1976 . . . 15.0 4.1 1977 . . . 18.6 4.8 in Europe 1965 . . . 1970 . . . 1976 . . . 1977 . . . 0.1 0.1 in Oceania 1965 . . . 1970 . . . 1976 . . . 0.1 0.1 1977 . . . 0.1 0.1 0.1 Other unallocated 1965 . . . 0.7 0.5 0.1 ■0.7 1970 . . . 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 1976 . . . 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.3 1977 . . . 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.3

/e^ of 6,000 g.r.t. and above, including combined ore/oil and ore؛earr ؛،(Ore and bn ١١ Source: Compiled ^ m Lloyd's Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables (London), and supplemental^ ^ t a on the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and bulk/oil carriers. .(Including passenger/cargo vessels (both liner and tramp ﺀ .Canadian Great Lakes fleets Including United States Reserve Fleet and United States and Canadian Great Lakes ﺀ fleets. T a b l e 14 Age t؛^Age distribution of worlds of merchant vessel as fleet at 1 1977b^July؛^s of vessel as at 1 July 1977 ofg.r.t.(terms ١«/ ا، ﺀم،/م (Percentage

years 15 14-10 9-5 ﻧﺠﺎ، Country grouping and type o f vessel Total years years years and over

1. World total All v essels...... 00 20.0 Tan^rs ...... 00 47.5 13.1 Bulkcarriersa...... 00 37.0 ii 18.2 10.8 General cargo ...... 00 17.7 16.2 44.6 2. Developed market-economy conntries A l l s l t l p s ...... 00 37.4 30.8 14.2 17.6 T ankers...... 00 47.2 12.0 Bulkcarriersa...... 00 36.6 16.8 General cargo ...... 00 24.8 17.3 424 3. Open registry countries 00 41.5 24.3 13.6 20.6 . . ٠ . . Allsltips T ankers 00 49.5 24.3 12.4 13.8 Bulkcarriers^ . . . . 00 35.3 31.3 201 ؛أئ General cargo . . . 00 19.9 12.7 4. Total: 2 plus 3 Allsbips . . . . . 00 28.6 14.0 18.6 T ankers 00 12.1 00 36.2 35.2 17.9 10.7 ٠ . . ٠ «Bulk carriers 00 16.8 14.4 47.7 . . ٠ General cargo 5. Socialist countries of £astetm Europe and Asia A l l s l t i p s ...... 00 24.4 25.4 26.6 22.0 ٠٠ ...... T ankers Bulk carriers»...... 00 40.8 I 23.0 Generalcargo ...... 00 19.7 26.5 31.5 6. Developing countries (excluding Cyprus, Liberia, Oman, ?anama. Sin- gapore, and Somalia A l l s h i p s ...... 100 39.0 20.: 26.7 T ankers...... 100 53.0 18.' 11.3 16.8 Bulk carriers®...... 100 47.7 22.: 20.1 10.0 Generalcargo ...... 100 20.1 21.: 45.5

Register ofshipping and Lloyd’s ك’ﻣﺤﻤﻢ/ئ Source: Compiled < 1 the basis of data supplied by the Shipping Information Services of

.Including combined carriers ﺀ

43. The improvement ofthe age composition ofthe vessels, except full container ships; tankers and fleet of developing countries was particularly marked in conibined carriers were the nrost affected. Orders for tankers. Their tanker tonnage under 5 years increased tankers of 150,000 d.w.t. ^nd over dropped from from 48 to 53 per cent and in the age group from 5 to 4.1 million d.w.t. to 1.3 million d.w.t., which accou^ed 9 years it rose by 1 percentage point ; the share of tankers for 60 per cent ofthe reduction in the total tonnage on to 14 years increased from 8 to 11 per cent, order for developing countries; orders for tankers under ه from 1 while tonnage of 15 years and over dropped from 26 to 150,000 d.w.t., declined by about 0.5 million d.w.t. to 17 per cent. The age composition of their bulk carrier 0.3 million d.w.t. and combined carriers on order heet has deteriorated; tonnage under 10 years declined decreased from 1.8 million d.w.t. to 1.5 million d.w.t. by 6 percentage points to 70 per cent and the share of bulk carriers from 10 to 14 years increased 46. The tonnage ordered by developed market- accordingly. economy countries and open registry countries dropped from 84.9 million d.w.t. to 51.4 million d.w.t. and their 3. Distribution oftonnage on order combined share in the world orders declined from 8^ per cent to 78.1 per cent. The tonnage on order for these 44. The distribution of the world tonnage on order groups of countries decreased for all types of vessels in 1975-1977 by types ofvessels and groups of countries except for part container ships, ro-ro ships and LASH is shown in table 15. ships. Drders for tankers of 150,000 d.w.t. and over 45. The tonnage of ships ordered by developing dropped by 18.3 million d.w.t. and for bulk carriers by countries decreased from 15.3 million d.w.t. on 30 Sep- 7.7 million d.w.t., accounting for 78 per cent of the tember 1976 to 10.6 million d.w.t. a year later. During reduction in the tonnage on order by the two groups of this period, the world order book dropped further by countries. 37.7 million d.w.t. to 65.8 million d.w.t. As a result, the share of developing countries in the total tonnage on 47. Socialist countries increased their orders by order rose from 14.8 per cent to 16.2 per cent. The 0.6 million d.w.t. to ^.9 million d.w.t. ; their share in the tonnage on order by developing cou^ries declined in the world tonnage on order rose from 2.2 per cent to 4.4 per 12 months ending September 1977 for all types of cent. 13 Table 15 World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1975-1977

Full Pan Ro/ro ^ﺀ؛ اﺀه Tankers, Tankers, Ore/oil container container cargo LASH Other مﺀﻣﻤﺢ«ا ﺀا»،، Country grouping All I50,000d.w.t. under andyear ships andover 150,000d.w.t. carriers carriers ships ships ships ships ships Million d.w.t. 1. World total 1975 165.3 87.1 27.4 7.2 25.3 2.2 — 1.1 — 15.1 1976 103.5 38.7 12.3 5.5 25.0 2.3 0.1 1.2 0.07 18.4 1977 ...... 65.8 17.2 7.4 3.2 17.6 1.9 0.3 1.6 0.1 16.5 Percentage share by type ofvessel 1975 100 52.7 16.6 4.3 15.3 1.3 — 0.7 — 9.1 1976 100 37.3 11.9 5.3 24.2 2.2 0.13 1.1 0.07 17.8 1977 ...... 100 26.2 11.2 4.9 26.7 2.8 0.5 2.4 0.2 25.1 Percentage share by country grouping 2. Developed market-economy countries 1975 52.9 54.1 47.1 55.3 52.3 83.5 100.0 65.0 — 51.0 1976 56.0 61.5 58.0 38.1 52.7 80.3 35.3 67.6 — 49.6

3. Dpen registry countries 1975 34.8 38.6 42.7 11.1 33.0 14.8 — 9.6 — 17.7 1976 26.0 27.0 29.1 20.2 30.2 13.6 — 1.0 — 21.2 1977 ...... 21.5 26.2 25.7 10.8 24.4 22.5 10.2 3.5 25.2 15.4 4. Total(2 + 3) 1975 87.7 92.7 89.8 66.4 85.3 98.3 100.0 74.6 — 68.7 1977 ...... 78.1 92.5 85.5 39.3 74.0 91.1 78.5 76.5 25.2 70.6 5. Socialist countries total 1975 1.1 — 3.3 1.5 0.8 — — 22.5 — 2.1 1976 2.2 — 4.6 8.4 1.8 0.8 16.2 23.1 100.0 2.2 1977 ...... 4.4 — 8.4 14.4 4.6 1.4 5.4 17.7 74.8 3.7

O f which: in Eastern Enrope 1975 1.1 — 3.3 1.5 0.8 — — 22.5 — 1.8 1976 2.1 — 4.5 8.4 1.5 0.8 16.2 23.1 100.0 2.0 1977 ...... 4.2 — 8.3 14.4 4.3 1.4 5.4 17.7 74.8 3.2 in Asia 1975 — — — — — — — — — 0.3 1976 0.1 — 0.1 — 0.3 — — — — 0.2 1977 ...... 0.2 — 0.1 — 0.3 — — — — 0.5 6. Developing conmriestota? 1975 10.8 6.9 6.5 32.1 13.4 1.7 — 2.9 — 29.0 1976 14.8 10.6 7.2 33.3 14.2 4.2 48.5 5.5 — 25.7 1977 ...... 16.2 7.5 4.7 46.3 19.9 6.3 16.1 3.5 — 23.1 Ofwhich: in Africa 1975 1.2 1.2 1.1 — 0.1 — — 1.1 — 4.3 1976 1.7 2.6 0.6 — 0.2 — — 2.4 — 3.3 1977 ...... 1.4 — — — 0.9 — — 0.6 — 4.8 in America 1975 4.8 1.6 3.1 22.1 8.8 — — 1.6 — 12.4 1976 7.1 2.9 4.8 24.4 10.5 2.1 48.5 0.4 — 8.5 1977 ...... 9.6 6.6 4.3 38.5 13.9 1.7 16.1 1.8 — 6.4 in Asia 1975 4.8 4.1 2.3 10.0 4.5 1.7 — 0.2 — 12.3

1977 ...... 5.2 0.9 0.4 7.8 5.1 4.6 — 1.1 — 11.9 in Dceania 1976 — — — 0.1 — — — — — 7. Dtbernnallocated 1975 0.4 0.4 0.4 — 0.5 — — — — 0.2 1976 1.0 0.9 1.1 — 1.1 1.1 — 2.8 — 1.3 1977 ...... 1.3 — 1.4 — 1.5 1.2 — 2.3 — 2.6

.No tonnage on order for developing conntries of Europe and Oceania in 1975 and 1977 ﺀ Source: Compiled on the basis of information pm^ided by Shipping Information Services ofLloyd's RegisterofShipping and Lloyd’s ofLondon Press Lid. 14 Chapter III SHIPBUILDING•“

48. During !977, the wcrld’s shipyards delivered world order book 3tood at 42.2 million g.r.t. as against abcut 2,53© vessels with a tcta! tcnnage ©f about 62.4 million g.r.t. a year earlier; 56 per cent of the 26 million g.r.t., i.e. 6.6 million g.r.t. less than in 1976. tonnage on ordef was nnder construction compared with Table 16 shows the number and tqnnage of ships 23 per cent at the end of March 1974, when orders completed in recent years by types' of vessels. As reached their peak level, ^nd 49 per cent at the end of the indicated in the previous chapter, the world order book third quarter of 1976. Over 77 per cent of the world decreased further on account of heavy deliveries and the order book was scheduled for delivery by the end of continued low level of new qrders for tankers. Cancel- 197b. lations of tanker orders also contributed to the 49. Tables 17 and 18 show the distribution of decrease.•• The annual intake of new orders for tankers deliveries of new buildings and tonnage on order by and dry cargo vessels has dropped since 1975 to about groups of countries of build in recent years. 13 million g.r.t. compared with the world production of 26 million g.r.t. in 1977. As at 3© September 1977, the Table 17 Unless otherwise stated, the discussion in this chapter is based on Distribution of deliveries of new buiidings by groups ofcountries ٠< data covering ships of 100 g.r.t. and upwards, published in Lloyd’s of bui!d, 1970 und 1975-1977 Shipping: Merchant Shipbuilding Return (Tondon), (Thousands ofg.r.t.Y /٠ Register various issues, ?ercentage shares have been derived from figures in terms ofg.r.t. The data from this source exclude ships on order with or delivered from yards in the USSR, Romania and China. 1977 "A n estimated 2 million d.w.t. were cancelled in 1977 as 19751970 Jan.-Sepi1976 compared with 11 million d.w.t. in 1976 (?earnley and Egers Char- tering Co. Ltd., Review 1977 (Oslo), January 1978, p. 5). Developed market- 19 570 30 451 18 354 economy countries (93.3) (92.3) (89.8) (92.0) Developing countries 144 851 1 501 817 Table 16 (0.7) (4.4) (4.1) 664 ة؛', Deliveries of new buildings, 1970 and 1975-1977 $ocialist countries . . 1 176 (5.6) إث(Number ofships and thousands ofg.r.t./d.w.t.) (5.6) 4) Other unallocated. . 90 114 (0.4) (0.3) (0.6) (0.2) 1977 1976 1975 ﻫﻢ7 ﺀا

Tankers World total 20980 34202 33 921 19949 Number .... 356 271 :Source: Compiled on the basis of data eontained in Lloyd's Register ofShipping 737 9 753 19 ة , ...... g.r.t d.w.t. - - - - - 45 689 39 378 19 698 Merchant ShipbuildingReturn (London), various issues. .Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of world total ﺀ Bulk/oil carriers Number - - - - 18 Table 18 ةقﺀ> g.r.t...... 1253 ,Distribution of tonnage on order by groups ofcountries of build 5642 332 2 1 إ...... d.w.t 1970 and 1975-1977 Ore and bulk carriers Number - - - - 199b 196 272 354 (Thousands ofg.r.t.Y g.r.t...... 5313b 4 458 6 468 7 423 d.w.t. - - - - - 7 731 11 124 )970 1975 1976 1977 ،Oeneral cargo ships Number - - - 487 356 379 Developed market- 67 063 83 351 53 449 33 846 (economy countries . (96.2) (89.9) (85.6) (80.2 ﻗﺎ؛ﺀ 352 3 635 2 3513 Other ships Developing countries 884 6 374 6081 5 297 Numher .... 1677 1 566 1416 1351 (1.3) (6.9) (9.8) (12.5) 2 327 2 252 7642 g.r.t...... 1627 Socialist countries . . 1936 2 251 2 320 (2.6) (١ .^) Total 2619 2 441 5362 Number - - - Dther unallocated . . 175 1081 645 749 2©319 33618 37526 (0.2) (1.1) (1.0) (1.8)

Source: Compiled on the basis of dam contained in Lloyd’s Register ofShipping: World total 69 714 92742 62 426 41212 Merchant Shipbuilding Return (London), various quarterly issues. :Source: Compiled on the basis of data contained in Lloyd’s Register o f Shipping م7 وا. No deadtvei^ht figures are available for ﺀ ,Return (London), as at the end of the third quarter of each year ﺀ«'، ه/ا،؛ه>اااﺀnctudebu])،/o!i carriers. Merchant؛ Figures for 1970 ﺀأ .Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of world total و .Vessets of2,000 g.r.t. and over ﺀ 50. Shipyards of developed market-economy coun- expected to reach $1.2 billion as against $347 njillion in tries accounted for 90.9 per cent of the tonnage 1976. Brazil has also plans to expand its shipbuilding by completed during the year ending 30 September 1977 about 18 per cent in terms of steel throughput by 198B. (compared with 92.8 per cent during the preceding The shipbuilding industry of the Republic of K rea is 12 months) ^nd 80.2 per cent ofthe world order book as export-oriented: in 1976, some 90 per cent of the at the end of September 1977 (compared with 85.6 per tonnage constructed in the country was for the account cent a year earlier). Shipyards of Japan accounted for of foreign shipowners. That of Brazil relies mostly on the 43.6 per cent ofthe tonnage delivered (compared with home market, and exports are estimated at about 10 per 50.2 per cent in the preceding 12-month period) and cent. However, despite the progress made by some 29.1 per cent ofthe world order book (compared with countries, the shipbuilding capacities of developing 32.6 per cent in September 1976). countries as a group remain insufficient to meet their needs. 51. Jn September 1977, 23 developing countries were engaged in shipbuilding activities compared with $2. Throughout the ye^r, discussions continued on 21 countries a year earlier. In the year ending 30 Sep- the two inter-connected issues which were the subject of tember 1977, the yards ofdeveloping countries delivered controversy during the previous year, namely, that of 1.4 million g.r.t. (5 per cent ofthe world total) as against reducing world shipbuilding capacity, and that of 1.3 million g.r.t. (3.8 per cent ofthe world total) in the harmonizing the conditions under which shipbuilding previous 12 months. The combined share of developing countries are competing with each other. OECD con- countries in the world order book increased from 9.8 per tinned to be the main forum for discussions between the cent to 12.5 per cent, although in terms oftonnage it two major competing, developed market-economy ship- declined by 0.8 million g.r.t. The Republic ofKorea and building regions. However, no general agreement has Brazil accounted for 57.8 per cent and 29.7 per cent been reached. respectively of the tonnage completed by developing 53. Most ofthe developed market-economy coun- countries during the year ending 30 September 1977 and tries have restraihed any expansion of their shipbuilding for 19.8 per cent and 57.6 per cent ofthe order book of activities, partly in recognition of the general over- the yards of this group of countries. The Republic of capacity, and partly on account ofthe lack of orders, but Rorea has announced plans to increase its annual competition between these countries appears to be shipbuilding capacity from 2.77 million g.r.t. in 1977 to frustrating agreement on any over-all plan to reduce 4.25 million g.r.t. in 1981, when ship exports ^re existing capacity to ^ny significant extent.

16 Chapter IV WORLD SHIP PRICES

ear’s levei whiie those for the)؛ A. Changes In prices of new vessels remained at the previous OBO, the 120,000 d.w.t. bul^ carrier and large-si^e 54. As can be seen from table 19, prices for new tankers declined from 6 per cent to 20 per cent; price buildings have either remained constant or decreased movements for LNG and LPG carriers followed differ- moderately, according to the types of vessels. This is in ing pâtterns. New building prices were generally some marked contrast to the price decreases which occurred 25 percent to ^5 per cent lower than peak level prices in in 197b. Prices for bulk carriers up to Panamax si^^, 1973-1974; prices for 87,000 d.w.t. and 400,000 d.w.t. the 87,000 d.w.t. tanker and the 5,000 d.w.t. ro/ro. tankers were more than 40 per cent lower.

Table 19 Representative new building prices, 1970 and 1973-1977 (Prices in millions ofdollars at year end)

<67!) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

30 ООО d.w.t. bulk . . . 12.0 16.5 11.0 11.0 15.0 15.0 مООО d.w.t. product tanker la o 17.5 20.0 18 30 70 ООО d.w.t. bulk . . . 20.5 25.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 87 ООО d.w.t. tanker . . 17.0 25.0 22.0 16.0 16.0 96 ООО d.w.t. ©R© . . . 23.0 29.0 33.0 30.0 23.0 21.0 17.2 31.0 35.0 32.0 24.0 22.0 . ٠ ٠ 120000d.w.t.bulk 210 ООО d.w.t. tanker . . 31.0 47.0 42.0 34.0 32.0 78.0 65.0 62.0 45.0 ٠ . ООО d.w.t. tanker 400 125 000 nr^TN© .... 105.0 125.0 125.0 105.0 115.0 75 000 m^T?© .... 45.0 52.0 52.0 42.0 40.0 5 ООО d.w.t. ro/ro . . . 14.6 16.2 10.0 10.0

.Oslo), January 1978, table 16)وﺛﻢand Egers Chartering Co. L t d . , 77 and of ^00,000- اThe new-budding price for the hypotheticai 60.000 d.w.t. buih in 963/65 .55 buik carrier of about 25,000 d.w.t. rose from £6 midion 300.000 d.w.t. buih in !969 and iater were most inlune 1976 to £6.6 million in lune 1977 and £6.8 mil- affected. Increased interest was shown, however, in The price tankers of 70,000-90,000 d.w.t. for trading from the ؛‘.lion in December 1977 or by 13.3 per cent ofthe liner-type vessel, indicated in table 20, shows an increase df 9.5 per cent between mid-1976 and mid- Table29 1977. Prices for both types of ships showed smaller Estimated prices for new and read^ lin er-t^ vessels of ة ?? و3-1 ?وincreases in the second half ofthe year. 11,000/13,000 d.w.t.,10?0 and 1

Pricesfor n prices nf second-hand vessels constructing؛ B. Changes new vessels Changeover !thousands o f previousyear 56. Second-hand tanker values decreased again in Mid-year ponds sterling) (percentage) 1977 as a result of continued depressed conditions in 1970 ...... 1 350 12.5 tanker shipping. As indicated in table 21, prices for 1973 ...... 2 250 18.4 second-hand tankers as at the end of 1977 dropped by 1974 ...... 3 500 55.6 between 20 per cent and 45 per cent compared with the 1975 ...... 3 950 12.9 previous year and represented only 10 per cent to 20 per 1976 ...... 4 200 6.3 cent of their peak level in 1973; tankers of 50,000/ 1977 ...... 4 600 9.5 طecember) . . . 4 700 2.2© 31) 1977 This is a hypothetical 16-kuot bulk carrier powered b^ a 9,000 horse-power 4irect-couple4 4iesel engine, as reported in Fair- Source: Fairplay International Shipping Weekly (London), ^ol. 265, No. 4294, .January 1978 19 ؟play International Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 265, No. 4924 ,.The data refer to a hypothetical © ^ clo se d shelter-deckr ofT 1,000/13,000 d.t^.t ﺀ )؛or deliver؛ January 1978, p. 77. Th^ pdces are reported to be basic prices and propelled bya7,000b.h.p. diesel engine ^i^in^aspeed oflSknots. The ship is 19 do not include any escalation clauses. It is assumed that the vessels within the year and the ^doted price does not include interest on loans. .Increase o^er ntid-1977 ﺀآ .would be delivered within the year 17 Caribbean to ports ofthe Elnited States of America, and due to massive deiiveries of bulk carriers and general American oil companies in modern motor-tankers of eargo ships, noted in chapter III above, which depressed ?؛b about 130,000 d.w.t. ; prices for these categories of ships freight rates and also second-hand values. Thus, prices pe vessels?؛bulk carriers and liner t ?؛declined to a lesser degree. for second-hand dr cargo as at the end ofl977, shown in tables 22 and 23, dropped ?؛The decline in second-hand prices for dr .57 .about 40-55 per cent as against 1976 levels ?؛vessels accelerated in 1977. To a large extent, this was b

Table 21 وces, a^era^e values, 1970 and 1 97 19 77-؛Tankers: second-hand ^r {Prices in million ofdollars at end ofyear)

197419731970Builtd.w.t. 1975 1976 1977

20000 ..... 1959/60 0.8 25000..... 1958/59 1.0 35000 ..... 1958/59 1.2 50000 ..... 1963/64 2.0 60000 ..... 1964/65 2.4 80000 ..... 1966/67 100000 ..... 1967/68 150000 ..... 1974/75 200000 ..... 1969/70 5.0 250000 ..... 1972/73 300000 ..... 1971/72 lo!o

Source: Feamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review I977(Os\o), January 1978, table 19.

T ^ L E 2 2 Dry bulk carriers: second-hand prices, average vaines, 1970 and 1973-197? (end ofyear ؛،، Prices in millions ofdollars)

1977 ه/ﺀا 1975 197419731970 ﺀ/ آ«ﺀ

18 000 ..... 1963 2.8 4.5 4.8 3.5 25 000 ..... 1966 4.8 6.5 7.2 6.0 35 000 ..... 1965 6.0 8.0 9.0 6.5 2.9 1 ﻣﻮ 7.0 13.0 11.5 9.0 1967 ...... 50000 60000 ..... 1972 11.0 17.0 17.0 10.5

.January 1978, table 18 ,ر0 اﺀه/7( واSource: Feamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review

Table 23 Liner-^pe vessels: secnnd-hand prices, average vaines, 1970 and 1973-1977 (Prices in millions ofdollars at end ofyear)

7 /ﺀا 76 ﺀا 1975 1974 1973 م/ﺀا d.w.t. Built

6 600 . . . , 1958 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 12 500 .... 1956 1.5 1.5 2 .2 1.7 1.4 0.7 2.01.0 2.6 3.1 2.1 1.7 59 ؤ1.... 500 13 16000 .... 1963 3.0 3.4 4.5 4.0 3.8 2.1

S،>Hrc, 77(Oslo), .18'.؟FeamleyandEgei؟CharteringCo.Ltd.,J؟؛vretv؛؛/S،>Hrc, Jannary 1978, table'.؟FeamleyandEgei؟CharteringCo.Ltd.,J؟؛vretv؛؛/Oslo), Jannary 1978, table)77 18. 18 Chapter V FREIGHT

A. General developments single-voyage ft^tnres reaehefl 273 ^Tillion tons, or ahont 33 per eent птоге than in the san^e periofl of 1976, 58. The eeonomie recession in developed market- while elean single-voyage fixtures rengaine© on the level eeonomy eountries and the world surplus of tankers ^nd of 1976 anfl amounted to 16 n^illion tons. The single- et was quite active in the first quarter؛bulk carriers were the dominant factors whieh voyage clean marl influenced the market in 1977، The increased supply of of the year, owing to heavy spot chartering to the ports of tonnage noted in ehapter II above was not matched by a the Dnitefl States of America to ©over the den^anfl for corresponding expansion of demand for shipping heating oil c^usefl by an unexpeeteilly eol© winter. Tbus, services, resulting in a generally weaker freight market in February, the flxtures to North Ameriea reachefl tbaninl976. 72 per eent of the total volunre of single voyage ©lean business reported in tbat month, as against 2© per cent in 59. In the dry eargo trades, the initiative was with the December 1976. eharterers, who eould choose tonnage and dietate the er tonnage؛style of ©bartering. The volume of eontraet business and 63. The amount of inbepenflent tanl period time charter reported on the market in the first unber period time charter decline© from about 121 mil- three quarters of 1977 was eonsiderably less than in the lion d.w.t. in September 1976 to approximately 93 mil- same period of 1976, although period time ©barter lion d.w.t. a year later, or from 63 per eent down to er؛revived from July onwards, mainly because owners 47 per eent of the total fleet of independent tanl wanted to fix before the market deteriorated further. owners. Charterers evidently switebed to single-voyage Trip ©bartering increased again and was particularly ©overage on the expiration of period time ©barters whieh popular with the eharterers to sueh destinations as the had been eoneluded at higher rates no longer prevailing .et؛ersian Gulf, the Red Sea and China. Time ©bartering of on the marl? bulk carriers for round voyages for the carriage of grain 64. Taking into aecount the laid-up tonnage as well from North and Soutb Ameriea with delivery and as slow steaming, the tanker surplus was estimated at redelivery in Europe was one ofthe features ofthe period about 1©8 million d.w.t. in November 1977 as compared under review. Congestion and delays which a^eeted with 6© million d.w.t. at the end of 1976. The amount of ships in many ports of the world continued to be a laid-up tanker tonnage was decreasing until April 1977, firming faetor on the markets. when it reaehed, aeeording to the General Council of 6©. Grain aeeounted for about 7© per eent of the Rritish Shipping, 26.8 million d.w.t., i.e. the lowest reported single-voyage fixtures for the period January- figure sinee May 1975. Thereafler, the trend was September 1977 as against 6© per eent for the same reversed and in Gctober the figure stood at 37.4 million period on 1976. Loadings in ports ofthe United States of d.w.t.; it declined again by some 6.3 million d.w.t. in America in the Gulf of Mexieo aeeounted for about November, mainly due to the absorption by the market 49 per cent ofthe single voyage grain business eompared ofVLCC and ULCC. with 56 per cent in the first three quarters of 1976, while . 65. About 57 per eent oftheactiveeombinedcaiTier those ofthe River Elate increased from 4 to 11 per eent fleet was engaged in oil trading during the period because of an exceptionally good harvest in Argentina. January-^eptember 1977, eompared with 52 per eent in As a result of recessional conditions in the steel industry 1976, wbieh refleets the deterioration of dry eargo of developed market-eeonomy countries, the volume of markets for this type of tonnage. iron ore and eoal flxtures declined from 29 per eent of the reported single-voyage fixtures for the period 66. Aeeordingto most foreeasts for tbe tanker freight January-September 1976 to 17 per eent for the same market, tanker surplus is likely to continue until 1983- period of 1977. Large bulk carriers and eombined 1985.'^During the surplus period, inereases in transpor- carriers were the most alfected. tation demand will be met by eliminating slow steaming, absorbing new building tonnage, reaetivating the laid-up 61. According to the General Couneil of British fleet, progressively utilizing tbe Suez c^nal, reactivating Shipping, as at 3© September 1977 laid-up dry cargo or increasing the throughput of existing pipelines and tonnage amounted to 1©.5 million d.w.t. compared with phasing in of newly built pipelines. 5.4 million d.w.t. a year before; combined carriers aeeounted for 54 per eent ofthe total. 62. In the bulk liquid trades during the period January-September 1977, the volume of reported dirty

"See, for instance, OECD, Maritime Transport, 1976 (?aris), Unless Otherwise stated, paras. 66 and 62-65 ofthe present review pp. 31-32 ; Norwegian ShippingNews(Os\o), No. 17D, 16 September ؛؛ ,Shipping Consultants) 1977, p. 14 ; Sea trade (Colcbester, U.K.), vol. 7, No. 4, April 1977) ^؛are based on data contained in H. p. Drewr Ltd., Shipping Statistics and Economics (London), varions issues. pp. 41anri 43. 19 ﻳ ﻢ٠٠ • اﻣﻤﺺ 5 ه 0 ﻟﻢ 00\ 0 دمﺀ 0ﻣﺒﻤﻤﺒﻤﺒﻤﻢﺀﻣﺮﺣﻤﺒﻢ-^ ﺑﻤﻢﺀﻟﻤﺎ

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000000000000

ور ؤ' Jlilflilllil II 20 B. Changes In freight rates in f9 7 7 ‘ 1974-1977. Annex V and table 25 do not Include port .liner conferences ?؛congestion surcharges b

Dry cargo tramp market freight rates 1. 69. 135 changes in freight r^te surcharges were announced in 1977 compared with 116 in 1976. The cargo tram p indices, both time and trip number of straightforward liner freight rate increases .67?؛ Dr .67?؛ cargo tram p indices, both time and trip ears?؛ cha rter, rejected depressed conditions and relative charter, rejected depressed conditions and relative was higher in 1977 ( 160) than in the preceding two ,in 1975 and 1976). However ?؛!ofth (130 and 149 respective?؛ stabilit etram pm arketduringl977,w ithgenerall?؛ stabilit?؛ ofth etram pm arketduringl977,w ithgenerall?؛ higher rates in the first and last quarters. On average, the higher rates in the first and last quarters. On average, the 46 per cent of these were under 10 per cent as against .per cent .in 1975 ؛? tim e charter index was 19 points lower than in the tim e charter index was 19 points lower than in the 39 per cent in 1976 and onl11 ear?؛ ?؛previous previous as a result of a decreased interest shown b ?؛ear as a result of a decreased interest shown b?؛ er؛charterers in period fixing; indices for each o fth e main 70. In 1977, there were no major changes in bunl size average prices. As a result, the number of changes in regard to?؛ size groups are indicated below. The m onthl groups are indicated below. The m onthl?؛ average .small ?؛marginall less than in bunker surcharges remained relativel?؛ for?؛ for the trip charter index was onl the trip charter index was onl?؛ marginall?؛ less than in 1976. Annex IV o fth e present review gives maximum Annex IV o fth e present review gives maximum 1976. and?؛and m inim um levels for selected single vo age rates for?؛age rates for .1974-1977 71. Simple averages of increases ^nd decreases of surcharges in percentage points during the period 1975- 1977 were as follows; Cargo linerfreight rates

68. During 1977, the liner freight index of the During 1977, the liner freight index of the 68. Ministr?؛ of Transport of the Tederal Republic of Germ 14 1975 1976 1977?؛ rose?؛ points to reach 232 points in an b 14 Type of D ecem ber, compared with an increase of 12 points in December, compared with an increase of 12 points in surcharge Increase^ Decrease*) Increase^ Decrease^' 1976. Annex V o fth e present review shows changes in 1976. ١Table 25 gives ، Bunker . . 1.10 2.20 1.37 3.77 1.87 liner rates and surcharges during 1977 rates and surcharges during 1977 .liner. a Suez Canal 1.0 1.63?؛ m the ar ?؛of these freight rate changes sum forears ?؛ears — 23.87 — 37.20 — 36.2 . . ؛،Others

/<، present review and corresponding annexes in the Review ﺀ>اا o f ٧ Source: Annex .maritime transport prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for earlier years ؛Discussion in (his section is based on the table 24 on 1 .20 » Including new surcharges. .Including concellations of surcha^tes ﺀ Information eoncernin§ changes of currency adjustment factor is ،■ .mndling; terminal pori charges; landing, storage and delivery chafes, stevedoring, etc ؛، .given in ^D/B/C.4/178/Add. 1

اTime charter frei^t rate index for different tonnage (1976 = 100)

85,000 -س,ﻣﻞ 35.000- 20.000- 12.000- I9,999d.w.t. 34,999d.w.t. 49.999d.w.t. 84,999d.w.t. andover Total Year Change Change Change ﺀﺀ«ﻫﺎاﺀ Change Change ﻣﺢ«ه quarter Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage, Subindex

!976 1st quarter 101 8 7 81 63 81 29.6+ +77؛. +59.7 +24.7 +13.8 -9.0 2nd quarter 92 101 105 1.0+ ؛.!+ -9.6 +8.9 +5.1 +16.3 3rd quarter 107 104 110 104 114 106 -1.9 +1.9 +1.9 4rd quarter 105 108 110 106 108 25.0- 35.9- 33.6- 19.5- 4.8ب

1977 1st quarter 110 87 81 -19.1 +11.0 +1.5 ١» 2nd quarter 89 81 69 +18.0 +1.2 -18.8 -3.7 3rd quarter 105 87 56 61 78 +5.7 +3.6 +32.1 +7.7 4th quarter 111 74

Source: Based on the time charter index numbers compiled by the General Council ofBritish Shipping. T able 25 Summary of liner freight rate changes and surcharges announee

Number affreight rate changes^ Typeoffreightratechange 1974 1975 1976 1977

44 163 ١ 42 135 ١ eneml increase in freight tarilfs© ©eneral freight increases partly offset by incorporation in the tariffs of part or all of the pre-existing s u rc h a rg e s ...... 4 2 13 11 Annonncetnents of new snrcharges or of increases in pre-existing sn rc h arg e s...... 181 56 55 73 B n n k e r ...... 168 28 40 44 ©thers (preshipt^ent, entergency, handling, landing, storage, e tc .) ...... 13 28 15 29

Subtotal 327 193 212 247

©ases where pre-existing surcharges were incorporated into tariffs through corresponding increases in tariffs 16 11 ©ases where snrcharges were reduced or cancelled without being incorporated in tariffs ...... 120 61 62 B u n k e r ...... Suez © a n al...... 35 ©thers (preshipnrent, emergency, handling, landing.

Subtotal 105 131

T d t a l 324 281 312

/٠ Compiled on the basis 0( annexes V and VI 0( the present revie«; and corresponding annexes or tahles in the Review ■.ﺀ ^،،ﻫﻚ maritime transport prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for eariier years. ٧ The number of freight rate and surcharge changes summarised is greater than the number of announcements shown in annex و of the present review a^d corresponding annexes in the previous review because, as in previous years, in severa! cases one announcement carried more than one change.

و Summary of straightforward increases in freight tariffs announced in f97^, f976 and 1977

1977 ه/ﺀا 1975 Size of increase (percentage) Number Percenta, Number Percentagi Number Percentage oftotal ofincreases oftotal كﺀﺗﻢﺀ^ﺀا>ر/م ofincreases oftotal

Under 5 - - -- 0.8 0.6 4 ه. ه 2 32 14.8 ي and less than 7.5 5 7.5 and less than 10 6.1 18.1 23.7 10 and less than 12.5 30 23.1 20.8 31 19.4 12.5 and less than 15 24 18.5 26 17.4 27 16.9 15 and less than 20 49 19 22 20 andover . . . m l 10.1 3.7

130 100.0 149 100.0 160 100.0

pmpated by the UNCATD sectetaeiat » مﺀﺀااه- ا، ﺀاﺀ>اﺀ'« ﻫﺎ «/م Source: Annex v below and corteapondin^ annexes in the Review for previous years. Excluding announcements whieh (i) reterred to a flat increase in terms of an absolute amount per unit of ea^o (4 in 1977 as ﺀ and 4 in 1975); (ii) did not specify the percentage amount ofthe incmase (13 such announcements in 1977 as ؤ7 ﻗﺎ against 11 in against 5 in 1976 and 1 in 1975). 22 3. Tanker freight rates centfrom234(1968 = 100)attheendofSeptemberl976 to 254 a year later, as compared with an Increase of 72. VLCC/ULCC freight rates experiences pressure 5.7 per eent during the preceding 12-nTonth period. from spot tankers of these sizes available in the ?ersian Gulf During the May to July period, aeeording to D. Liner freight rates as a percentage nf prices E.A. Gibson ^hipbrokers Ltd., London, sueh tonnage of select© eonnnodities amounted to some 5 to 6 million d.w.t. Poor market conditions for VLCCs and JJLCCs depressed rates for 74. Table 27 shows the ratio of liner freight rates to medium-size ©rude ©arrière. The sharp increase of export priees of 12 primary commodities exported from indices for small ©rude and produet carriers and for developing countries to Enrope dnring the period 1964- handy-size tankers in February was eaused by the active 1976. In 1976, prices for these commodities—exeept ©bartering of spot tonnage at high rates to the Llnited tea, coconut oil and sisal hemp—increased; the States of Ameriea. ^or all sizes, freight rates were higher increases were particularly high for coffee, cocoa beans in the first and the last quarter of the year owing to from Ghana and rubber and ranged from 65 per cent to seasonal faetors. 134 per eent. At the same time, freight rates either declined or rose moderately, except for the rate for palm c. Freight rate indices of selected commodities exported kernels. As a resnlt ofthe interplay ofthe two faetors, the hy deveioping con^ries ratio of liner freight rates to prices for most of the commodities indicated in the table declined; the excep- 73. The up-dated freight rate indiees for four tions were palm kernels, for whieh freight rates increased selected eommodities, as well as the combined index, is by 36 per cent, and sisal hemp, the priee of whieh shown in table 26. The eombined index rose by 8.6 per dropped by 27 per eent.

Iges in freight ratios (Percentage)

1964-1976 !975-1976 Increase DecreaseIncrease

Palm k ern els...... +198.9 t-u.4 J n t e ...... +119.5 Sisal hemp ...... +164.8 +34.4 R u b b e r...... +48.7 +47.7 ...... ٠٠ .Tea T i n ...... +16-7 —12.5 € © c o n u t© il...... -5.7 -8.8 Coffee (from B r a z i l ) ...... -16.2 -54.6 Co№a beans (from Brazil) ..... -25.6 -22.6 -28.6 4 7 .4 ٠ (Coffee (from Colombia-Atlantic ^orts Colfee (from Colombia-Pacific ports) -28.9 -49.2 56.6- 2م5 ﺑﻰ ..... (Coeoa beans (from Chana

Table 26 Indices of freight rates of selected commodities exported by deveioping countries, 1975-1977 (End ofquarter: 1968 = КЮ)

Commodity Year and Combined quarters Cocoa TeaRubberCotton index 1975 1st quarter ..... 243.2 244.5 247.1 219.8 239.3 2ndquarter ..... 241.7 241.3 243.9 262.2 233.1 3rd quarter ..... 234.2 229.5 191.4 221.5 4th quarter ..... 252.3 244.1 237,4 184.6 236.3 1976 233.3 183.9 248.2 ا.ق1st quarter ..... 258.6 24 2nd quarter ..... 258.7 241.6 246,3 179.1 231.2 3rdquarter ..... 264.6 249,2 178.6 234.1 241.1 186.4 247,3 م4th quarter ..... 288.6 256 1977 1st quarter ..... 298.6 256,5 195.3 256.1 2nd quarter ..... 295.2 245.2 199.6 256.7 3rdquarter ..... 289.5 269.2 257,1 262.4 254.3

by؛he GovemmeWs or أ١a١ UNCTAD se٠٢٠١a ١١١٠ 0آ es!؛ mde o؛basis m؛(a e i^ da؛and f r suppiie ١١١٠•. Compiled on ﺀﺀﺀ٢» ﻫﻚ ٠/ he s: Anm al Bulletin؛؛b]i؟a؛ih؟؛s p؟rade da؟o>^l, conc؛and shipping and following ofiiade linesa froin ؛rade eon%rene؟s and shipping lines conc؟o>^l, and ofiiade da؛a froin ؛he following p؛؛b]i؟a؛ih؟ t،e^ (London), various Issues; Secretariat ofthe International Rubber Study Group, Rubber؛ Stattslks, In،erna،!ona! Tea Comm , ,(varions issues; International Cotton Advisory Commit)-Rome ﺀﺀ'اﺀﺀرﻣﻤﻊ ا،مﺀه,[> ﺀ ,(varions issues; FAO) ,London اﺀﺀ//» ﺀ / ﺳﺎ،ﺀآﻣﻢ(ك

23 Table 27 es, 1964,1970 and 197^-1976؛Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected co^^!odit

^ 'ﺀ Freight rate as a percentage ofprice ﺀ76و / ﺀو/وث ﺀﻧﺞ7 وا 1964RouteCommodity 1970 1973

Rubber . . Singapore/Malaysia-Europe 8.0 11.0 1.4 1.1 ث؟ل Tin . . . Singapore/Malaysia-Europe 1.2 Jute . . . Rangladesh-Europe 8.7 18.1 19.1 Sisal hemp EastAfrica-Europe 8.4 19.5 iH 17.2 Cocoa beans Chana-Europe 3.1 2.4 1.7 Coconut oil Sri Lanka-Europe 8.8 Tea . . . Sri Lanka-Europe 6.5 10.1 14.2 i Coffee . . Brazil-Europe 4.9 7.0 8.0 4.4 ?aim kernels Nigeria-Europe 9.5 28.4 3.0 .؛ColJee . , Colombia (Atlantic ports)-Europe 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.8 7 Cocoa beans Brazil-Europe 8.6 7.4 6.4 Coffee . . Colombia (Paci?mports)-£urope 4.5 4.5 4.3 5.4

Sources: Data supplied by the Royal Netherlands Shipowners’ Association. i.^. prices з^ге quoted for ru b ^r (London-RSS), ti^, jute (UK-pwc grade), sisal hemp, cocoa beans (Ghana-Europe), and palm kernels. For.€ ﺀ he remaining commodities؛ il-Euro^) and coffee (Golombia-Euro^ and Brazil-Europe), unit values of exports were quoted. Prices of؟ra ؟) cocoa beans are quoted on f.o.b. terms. ^ Freight rates include Suez Canal varying surcharges, when appljcable. Whenever a conversion of freight rates to other currencies has been necessa!^ for 1976, this was based on currency parities as published in United Nations, Monthly Bulletin ofStatistics. vol. XXXI, No 8 (August 1977), and valid as at the end of 1976. Annual freight rates were calculated by taking a weighted average of various freight rates quoted during the year, weighted by their period of duration. and , إلtaken respectively from UNCTA^, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin (November 197 ؟kernels wer ؟!f sisal hemp an^ t^l ؟ prices ب197 م1 ﺀ ip was ta k ^ from UNCTAD, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin (December 1976). In؟Special Supplement, (July 1976). In 1976, the price for sisal he 1976, the prices for sisal hemp and coconut oil were taken from ^ C A T D , Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin, 1960-1976, Special Supplement (revised) ($^pt€mber 1977).

24 Chapter VI PORT DEVELOPMENTS

A. Central notes 80. The demand £or p©rt services has been affected in the past year by varions fact©rs, ©fwhich the following 75. In the Review ofm aritim e transport, 1976, the are of particular interest; UNCTAD secretariat surveyed for the first time devel- (a) The increased use of the roll-on/rotl-0^ type of opments and trends in the field of ports. ships, which lends greater flexibility to shipping sched- 76. The 1977 Review uses both pubhshed dâta for ules, arid in particular to the choice of ports of call; the year 1976 and the replies to a questionnaire sent to (b) The development of new feeder services; 194 ports all over the world. A total of 81 port authori- The increased utfli^ation ofmedium-si^e tankers (ء) ,ties responded to this questionnaire. It is worth noting however, that the participating ports represent a differ- and the stabilisation ofthe targest ffLCC sise around ent sample from that of the previous year, since a 500,000/550,000 d.w.t. number of ports responding in 1976 did not respond in 81. Tabies 30 and 31 summarise the information on 1977 ^nd vice versa. The ports that responded are eo^ainer traffic provided by ports replying to the mostly general cargo ports, although some are also UNCTAD questionnaire. Containerisation is not devel- equipped with instaflations for speeialixed cargoes. The oping at the same rate in atl regions. In developing sampte covers ports of all si^es and a! atl stages of eou^ries, eontainerisation is spreading fastest in Asia development. (see table 3^). Dther significant developments may be 77. Table 28 summarizes the replies to the observed also in West Africa, the Caribbean and some UNCTAD questionnaire by region. The information Latin Am erican countries (see tables 33 and 34). obtained from the questionnaire is presented in 82. ^peeial mention shoutd be made of develop- table 29. ments in iniand waterways and intand ports. In 1976- 78. Owing to the lack of replies from certain regions, !977, attempts were made to improve inland waterways additional information has been collected from rehabte and the corresponding ports and their access. Various sourees. In summary, ports in developed countries are projects have been carried out or are planned. This is an continuing their efforts to modernize existing instal- important development since it will allow seagoing ships lations and are devetoping new facilities mostly for to navigate further on certain inland waterways and will containers and ro-ro, while ports in devetoping coun- thus make for a better integration of seagoing and intand tries are expanding, restructuring and modernizing their waterway transport. faeihties. In partieutar, they are constructing many new 83. Table 35 hsts a number of improvements being specialized faeihties, for exampte, for containers and undertaken on certain important waterways. ro-ro, sugar, eereals and other bulk cargoes. c. Supply of port services B. Demand fnr port services was marked by an ا W hile the period 976!- 975 .84 79. From the figures for maritime traffic presented unprecedented port development effort in developing in table 1 above, it appears that, afler a drop in traffic in countries, !977 was eharaeteri^ed by a eonsohdation of !975, the situation is slowly improving. At the same the port devetopment sehemes and, for certain sub- time, both shipowners and shippers are making wider regions, a reconsideration and scaling down of the use of modern shipping technologies such as rofl- improvement projects. Neverthetess, a significant on/roll-off, containers and various barge systems. number of new projects were announced.

T able 28 re$ and answers regions؛Summary ofthe range of ^№$tionna

North and ﺀﻣﻢ-ا»ﺀ - Central South Regions Western Eastern America America Asia Africa Oceania Total

resأهnﻫﻬﺄ٩uest Number of ,3 194 ١٨ 42 35 36 25 و .... despatched Repiies received . . . 25 2 16 4 26 7 7 81 Percentage of question- naires completed in 74.0 16.6 70.0 41.8 ١١١ 67.5 22.5 40.0 . ٠ . ٠ eacli region

25 T able 29 on selected ports, 1976 ،

Specia- Conven- Specia- Specia- lized Spaceforcargostorage Country tional Con- Barge- lized lized grain- Annual tonnage break Ro/ro tainer carrying bulk dry bulk carrying {thousand Open territory Port bulk ships ships ships liquid carriers ships Others tons)

ﺳﻮAustralia Hobart — 4 2716 32 041 117 Sydney 1 1 22 995 188 700 165 100 Belgium Antwerp Special reply 66 046 1 881 500 Unlimited Benin Cotonou 912.5 50 000 146 ООО اCanada Halifax 10954 ا Mo^real — 30 10 10 — 19206 Vancouver 18 60 185 56 680 Chile Antofagasta 6 23 400 41 190 Valparaiso 96 820 43 600 Cyprus' Limassol 8/9 24 136 31418 Larnaca 5 670 Prance (continental) Bordeaux 63 4 251 362 417676 Le Havre 26 u ' n j 588 780 1 340 281 Marseilles 24 — 42 15 2* 2 103980 460 000 1 408 ООО France (overseas) Polynesia Papeete 13 500 700 14 500 17 600 2 200 000 4927 ١ New Caledonia Noumea Pitre 15000 01 120 000 936 ف Cuadeloupe Pointe Cambia Banjul 24 326 Gabon ©wendo 14 600 65 500 — 211500 890 000 ١ Greece Piraeus 1 12000 ؛Guatemala Santo Tomas 3 1 482 500 500 Hong Kong HongRong 11 ؛India Bombay i — 1 " — 16663 419892 1844224 Calcutta — — 8018 755 000 222 0006 Coebin — 16 663 69 400 Kandia — 6921 49 574 4500 — Madras — 4 768 128 050 267 000 Mangalore — 1 — 429 6 633 Mormugao 4 — 1 — 13455 20 272 90 470 Paradip 1 — 3660 7312 1472 Tuticorln 4 5 000 Vlsakhapatnam 10 9122 49 83^ 399018 ООО 300 000 105 1 — 2آ Iraq Basrah 000 500 ؛Iran ^jorramshahr Break bulk 4891 126 000 ООО 000 89 178 26 ة . Shabpore Busher 1 877 13 300 26 800 Abbas 1 1 1 2 773 28 000 302 240 Noshahr 136 13 500 Pahlavl 4 ' 423 16210 20 900 Ireland Dublin 29 - 7 5 4 6519 65 965 79 320 Italy Naples 18 — 17230 ©enoa 61 21 1 37 10 — 49 492 140 000 55000 Trieste 36 4 1 35 812 495 330 332 000 Ivory Coast Abidjan 21 1 — 7 697 114000 211200 Jamaica Kngston 7 1 2 1483 301 646 Japan Tokyo 2 7 121561 603 803 78819 6 4 1 ؛4 أ Osaka 87 Kobe 136 — 40 482 2 288 469 129 077 Yokohama 56 7 — 113805 206 805 417450 Jordan 1 — — 3 001 18000 20 000 100 ООО Lebanon Beirut 100 000 200 ООО Malaysia Klang 10 — 1 — 5364 143 280 3 790 46 956 Penang 3 4216 53 603 8 361 Kuching 1 667 187 680 27 140 Kajang River 1 243 12 355 ؛Malta Valetta 1 — 1 663 11380 4907 Mauritius Port Louis 1843 25 000 50 ООО Netherlands Amsterdam 18 280 337 284 000 ﻓﺬ؛Rotterdam .. 269 000 1 064410 14314 1 New Zealand Auckland 15 — 5 380 94 002 1449 18118 Wellington 12 — 1 — 5 506 53 500 000175 Nigeria 1 1 10189 316 129 131000 Philippines Manila south 16 5 078 68 000 000143 Manilanorth 22 i Saudi Arabia Jeddah 13 — — — 8 702 118 350 000558

26 T a b le 29 (continued) Data on selected ports, 1976

Specia- Conven- Specia- Specia- lized Spaceforcargostorage Country tional lized lized grain- Annual tonnage Semi-covered break Ro/ro bulk dry bulk carrying (thousand Covered Open territory bulkPort ships liquid carriers ships Others tons) (in square metres)

Somalia Berbera 107 5 ООО Not measured 5 ООО Mogadiscio 428 10 000 Not measured — Spain Valencia 4 1276 28 881 26 930 174 564 ٠٠٠ 415 — ٠٠٠ Sweden Stockholm 4065 141 ٠٠٠ 4831 ٠٠٠ ٠٠٥4 Gothenburg 16 7 — 36 57322 186 ﻣﻤﻢ 8 م 6 ﻣﻤﻤﻢ Syrian Arab Latakia 7 — 1822 1199245 Republic م Thailand Bangkok 5523 722136 — 224 68 United Arab Emirates ٠٠٥ 791 ﻣﻢ 462 ٠٠٠ 182 ؛Abu Dhabi Mina Zayed 940 م Sharjah ?ort Khaled 214 2909 161 84 Singapore Singapore 35 — 746523 177145 United Kingdom London River 45 ﻫﻢ52 م 2 20019 ﻣﻢDocks 22 — 3757 ٠٥٠ 8 م6 ٠٥٠ Southampton 32 10 120 Hull 34 10 113000 ООО 300 17000 1أ N e^ort 10 1 Cardiff 13 م22ذن2 ةا United States Houston 53 1 81721 49785 ة 8158351 ﺗﻢ 46 223 ل of America Long Beach 30 75332 ٠٠٥ 14426 ت0 ﻣﻢ 295 ١ ه New York 22 11614 1502325 ا 9 ﻣﻢ Seattle 50 14 5 370463 035 254 ا Hawaii Honolulu 2325 ٠٠٠ Venezuela Puerto Cabello 11 1373 10049 150 50010 215000 ٠٠٠ LaGuaira 12 1951 98 Vugoslavia Koper 8 1022 128155 15000 217345 ٠٠٠ Zaire Matadi 10 10 1271 80

5o«rce. Based on replies to the UNCTAD questionnaire. .Revenue tons د .Figure converted from original tonnage given !n«sh©ri»tons ا .u^e converted from original tonnage given in “long” tons^؛ ? ^ .Including transit and warehousing space ^

T a b l e 30 ed ports of developing countries, 1976 ؟ ontniner traffic in€

Empty containersFullcontainers Grand total Loaded Discharged TotalPortCountryor territory Loaded Discharged TotalPortCountryor Loaded Discharged Total

South and Central America ،،?،٢» Caribbean Chile Valparaiso 1318 1 282 2 600 451 395 846 3 446 TEU A^ofagasta 65 128 193 451 395 846 1039 60 60 340 Containers Guatemala Santo Tomas 200 80 280٠ lamaica Kingston 6 735 12 604 19 339 6869 1 711 8 580 27919 Containers Containers ٠٠٠ Pitre 2 700 19 300 22 ف Guadeloupe (France) Pointe Africa 1 200 3 180 Containers ٠ Benin Cotonou 250 1 730 1980 1200 7 950 17 984 Containers ٠ 0348 8 034 7 950 ٠ Gabpn Gwendo Ivory Coast Abidjan 229 27258 59 487 7 009 11 827 18 836 78 323 Containers 36 438 80 864 Containers ٠ Nigeria 537 41 889 44426 36 438 1221 4 762 Containers ٠ Zaire Matadi 898 2643 3 541 1221

Continental Asia and islands «ا،ﺀﺀم« ا،آس / Hong Kong Hong Kong HongKong 428499 387 836 816335 82339 130385 212724 1 029059 TEV India Calcutta 16 6 22 294 280 574 596 .. .. ا Cochin 2236 871 772 99 1365 223 142 Bombay. 2 578 1 347 3 925 157 768 925 4 8 5 0 . .

27 T a b le 30 (continued)

Container traffic in selected ports of developing countries, 1976

Fullcontainers Empty containers Grand Country or territory Port Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged TotalTotal total

Malaysia Kelang 19 542 23 713 43 255 6 387 2 440 8 827 52 082 Containers ?enang 5 886 3 074 8 960 3 976 5 232 14 192 TEU Singapore Singapore 119966 134455 254 421 11703 39 527 293 948 TEU Mauritius ?ort Louis 822 2 456 3 278 — 1 563 4 841 Containers Thailand Bangkok 14423 17939 32 362 796 4 052 36414 Containers Pacific islands Containers 19[ 13 5814 305 7 305 7 ه New Caledonia (France) Noumea ?hilippines Manila 43 991 58 929 102 920 22 255 133 694 TEU Containers 450 14 ةق!أ ﺀ ة' ﺀأ Tahiti (Franee) Papeete 200 7 100 7 300 7 150 Middle East Saudi Arabia Jeddah 0 75 250 75 250 !358 143 608 Containers 407 5 1466 ة « United Arab Emirates Sharjah 2001 1940 3 941 18 E urope Cyprus Limassol 3 080 5 586 8 666 3 279 1 130 4 409 13 075 Containers 11381 841 3 486 7 6 1 9 5 570 ا Malta Valette ©reece Piraeus 24 477 37 663 62 140 10075 16604 78 744

T a b e e 31 Container traffic In seleeted ports of developed market-economy countries, 1976

Fullcontainers Empty containers Grand Discharged TotalPortCountry Loaded Discharged Total total Australia Sydney 89 348 163 143 252 491 52 357 6 460 58817 311308 Containers Belgium Antwerp 127 423 119 977 247 400 45 891 293 291 Containers Canada Halifax 35 557 67 116 5 520 1131 6 651 73 767 Containers Montreal 63 833 56 179 120012 4 624 9 301 133 937 Containers Vancouver 29 633 43 082 72715 15 897 5215 112 93 827 TEU France Bordeaux 10221 15 333 2 838 18 225 TEU Ее Havre 140 081 122 349 262 430 29 051 36 429 65 480 327 910 TEU Marseilles 43 117 39 632 82 749 11707 17222 99 971 Containers Japan ©saka 64 978 46 174 111152 2 1 9 5 3 133 105 Containers Kobe 560219 447 803 1 008 022 i| 166 435 237 469 245491 TEU Vokobaj^a 201 637 139 909 341 546 59 080 81 533 423 079 TEU Tokyo 167 498 154659 322 157 23 800 50 000 73 800 395 957 TEU Ireland ©ublin 40 457 62 191 102 648 22 390 4 233 129 271 Containers Containers 118 35 999 7 704 4 119 27 0 س Italy Naples 13519 1 3 Trieste 24 297 31 525 1474 17042 48 567 Containers ©enoa 65 667 04752 117714 16 696 134410 Containers Netherlands Amsterdam 12056 21333 2 028 3 020 24 353 Containers Containers 181 816 830 128 644 55 351 687 354275 ةأةأ ﺀRotterdam 3 New Zealand Auckland 63616 90613 30 542 3 409 7 545 10 954 4 1 4 9 6 Containers Wellington 49418 11441 29 935 1553 7 371 8 924 TEU؛ Spain Valencia 78530 62614 45411 2 300 18 182 TEU Bilbao 468297 276305 744 602 5 390 29 672 774 274 TEU 440 147 239 25 740 4 499 20 201 122 ﺳﻢSweden ©otbenburg 33753 688 Stockholm 23 1 5 11168 6 651 1660 19479 United Kingdom Eondon 130755 105918 236 673 20 531 39 843 60 374 297 047 United States of America Houston 49092 53084 177 020 346 5 907 6 253 183 273 TEU Seattle 214119 194456 408 575 56 503 109 772 166 275 574 850 TEU Long Beach 237160 297584 457821 35 174 65 323 100 497 558 318 TEU New York 347354 398357 745 711 166 958 912669 Honolulu 027 299 138 86 ؛Hawai) 99650 893161 212 889 575) Yugoslavia Kopar 6225 8534 10475 968! 5 492 15 967 T able 32 Table 34 nevelopjnent of conlainer tra№c in the major Asian ports, Present and forecast traffic fn several ports in developing conntries 1974-1976 {Number ofcontainers) (Number ofcontainers) Port 1977 {estimated) Pon 1974 1975 1976 Casablanca (Morocco) 28 036 33 750 726215 802 283 1 029 059 Penang (Malaysia) . . . 14 D 2 18 487 . ٠ H o n g K o n g Singapore. . . 153 411 191568 311772 Port-au-Prince (Haiti) 10260 Manila. . . . 65 773 95 176 133 695 Puerto Cortes (Honduras) 28 591 42 785 PortKelang . . 55 610 68 728 Sa^ a Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) . . . 50 433 70 700

Sources: Containerisation International Year Book, 1977 (London), ! Container- ٠^١ .isation lnternational{Lonàon), vol. II, No. 12, December 1977, p. 53. Source: “World container port survey”, Container News ^ e w York), vol. 1^, No December 1977, pp. 66-121.

China Table 33 Important modernization and port deveiopment wor^ Development of container traffic in several ports of West Africa, in being carried ont in China’s main ports, including a the Carihhean and South America, f974 and f 975 reconstruction programme in Shanghai, which wib ٠٢ Number ofcontainers) incease the number ofberths to 52, tbe development) the two northern harbours Talien and Eusun for oil exports, the construction on new berths at Hsinkang, the 1974 1975 expansion of the port of Tsingtao, and the modern- Douala (©ameroon) . . . 8 141 11381 ization ofthe southern ports of Whampoa, Cbangchian ؟؛.31200 51 317 and M awei . . ٠ (ngston (Jamaica^ Santos (Brazil) ..... 29451 3 3014 16 843 20 ООО Gabon . ٠ (Port ofSpain (Trinidad Expansion of the port of ©wendo. A new timber London). terminal is being constructed and is expected to be)ﺛﻢSource: Containerisation International YearBook, 977 ﺀا.fmished in June 1978

India two new major Indian port ,؛? Bangladesh In 197b and earl1977 the port at ,?؛In Chaîna, a deep-water port is being constructed. The extensions were commissioned, namel plans provide, among otlrer things, for the construction ؟'.of 11 berths, 7 transit sheds and 8 warehouses

.Ibid, paras. 95-162 ؟' ,Information provided by the Office des ports et rades dn ©abon ﺀا -Review of developments in shipping, ports and Inland water “ أ‘ ways” (E/ESCAP/STC 1/31), para. 132. in reply to an ttNCTAD questionnaire.

Table 35 Cnrrent improvements to inland ports and waterways

Region Waterways Nature ofimprovement

North America St. Lawrence To further all-year-round navigability to Montreal. Mississippi Construction of new river ports (“clean coal” In the Ohio River). Construction ofthe Tennessee Tomblgbee waterway (to be completed by 1986). South America ©rinoco Project under study to allow ships up to 85,000 T to be serviced. Amazon N ew equipment and new ports in connexion with the Trans-Amazon highway. Improvement of several existing ports. Parana New navigation canal ”Canal Mitre y Parana de los Palmas” with a draff o f 30 ft. between Rio de la Plata and the Parana river. New bulk installations (cereals) and steel mffl. Africa Zaire N ew projects in Kinshasa (Zaire) and Brazzaville (Congo). Senegal, Niger Projects under study to reduce the land-locking of several regions. Eastern Europe/Aria Volga-Don Tinging Black, Azov, Caspian, White and Baltic Seas through the Volga Don canal in Volga White Sea ©anal the south, and the Volga and White Sea canal. Europe Rhine, Main Work being completed for the creation ofthis new inland waterway and corresponding .(٠٢ports (Vienna, Budapest Danube equipment Work in the lower Danube region for the construction of a canal to be operational in 1982, linking the sea port ofConstanza to the lower Danube. Creation of new ports. Seine, Rhone Improveme^s and creation of new ports.

29 Visakhapatnam, eonstrueted at a cost of approximately berths at Pasir Pajang Port; this will cost $16 mil- $30 million and designed for the export of iron ore, lion.?? and the Haldia deep-draught coal berth, which will 85. Jt is interesting to note that, as a result ofthe very undoubtedly enhance India’s eoal exporting poten- large and often un-eoordinated port development in the al.?o kiddie Last during 1975-76 and the subsequent fear of؛t serious over-eapaeity in the Persian Gulf, a flrst major Iraq port projeet, namely, Abu-Dhabi’s $73 million outer Construction of three new berths at Llmm ^asr at an harbour projeet, has been cancelled. Moreover, it is not estimated eost of $30 million, for completion late unlikely that other schemes in the region will be 1978.?• abandoned or at least scaled down before the 198©s. 86. Anotherstrikngfe^turein 1977 is the emphasis Ivory Coast given by Governments and port authorities ali^e to Construction of a sugar-handling berth at Abidjan, providing new facilities able to handle containers and representing an investment of approximately $45 mil- ro/ro traffic in an appropriate and efficient manner. lion.?? $ome of these terminals are pure container terminals; others fall in the broad category of multi-purpose The following list is not exhaustive but ؟?.Jordan facilities illustrates the considerable effort made by the appro- A eontraet worth $54 million was granted by the priate authorities to meet the container and ro/ro Jordan Ministry of Transport for the construction in challenge. Aqaba of four general eargo berths, two roll-on/roll-olf berths and a coastal wharf. Completion expeeted in Brazil 1980.?? Expected to be completed in 1979, the port of $antos M alaysia will provide the hrst container terminal in Rrazil. Another container port is planned at $epetiba K antan port is at present being constructed. Jt will (20 Icilometres from Rio de Sneiro).?’ include one multi-purpose berth, three general cargo berths, one mineral ore berth, a twin dolphin berth for Greece palm oil tankers, and various types of storage facilities. A new container terminal will be eonstrueted at Piraeus at a cost of $60 million. The total area will ٠?.The new port is expeeted to be terminated in 1978 eventually eneompass 700,000 m? and provide M auritius ٠?.(metres of quay (in length 1,500 Construction of a bulk sugar terminal at Port Louis with a storage capacity of 350,000 tons, representing an Ivory Coast Container terminals are being constructed at Vridi ؟?.investment of approximately $45 million ؛?,(and at Loeodjo (Abidjan Peru Nigeria As part of the regional development plan of North West Peru, a port master-plan of the Rayovar port The third Apapa wharf extension (Tin Can Island eomplex h^s been commissioned by the Peruvian Development) at Lagos eaters for six additional berths, Government. The master plan ©overs faeilities for ©rude four of whieh will constitute the 1,000-metre-long oil, petroleum produets, petrochemieals, ores, phos- container terminal while the remaining two will be phates, fertilizers, salt, sulphurie acid and générai convertible berths. This extension (ineluding ro/ro -eargo.?، facilities) is expeeted to be partly terminated by mid 1978.?? Singapore Panama The Port of Singapore Authority has announced the eonstruetion of three eoastai and three deep-water Construction of a container and ro/ro terminal in France Field (Coffin), providing for three berths at a total investment cost of approximately $31 million.??

” Journal pour le transport international (Basel), 37th year, No. 49, 3 December 1976, p. 5877. ,forthe facilities already mentioned for Abidjan ل r a p l8 4ج ee para؛؛ Indian Shipping (Bombay), vol. XXIX, No. 7, 1977, and P orts 8 ١١؛ .H arbours (Tokyo), vol. 22, No. 12, De^emher 1977. Kantan, etc ﻣﺢ«ا، N avios (Brazil), August 1976, Ports and Harbours ﺀ Middle East survey; port construction and dredging projects”. Portos “ International Dredging and Port Construction (London), Dctober (Tokyo), vol. 22, No. 2, Feb. 1977, p. 22; Sea trade (Colchester, 1977, pp. 39-75. United Kingdom), vol. 7, No. 11, November 1977, p. 29. “ Information provided the Port autonome d’Abidjan in reply to Information provided by the Biraeus port authority in reply to an an EINCTAD questionnaire. UNCTAD questionnaire. ” Indian shipping (Bombay), vol. XXIX, No. 7, 1977, and P orts Information provided by the ?ort autonome d’Abidjan in reply to and Harbours (Tokyo), vol. 22, No. 12, Deeember 1977. an UNCTAD questionnaire. " Information provided by the Kuantan Port Authority. Containerisation International Year Book, 1977 (London), .The Dock and Harbour Authority (London), vol. 58, No. 679, p. 141 ؛؛ lune 1977. ” Information provided by the Autoridad Portuaria Naeionai. la Autoridad Portuaria Nacional, Fdicidn Conmemorativa ﺀا، Ports and Harbours (Tok^o), vol. 22, Nos. 6 and 7, June/July, (R evista 1977, p. 52. del Segundo A^versario, 1974-1976). 30 Saudi Arabia Figures for the hrst ^ u r m onths ofeach year since 1971 show the following progression: The first stage ofthe Jeddah container terminal was Average ofwaitingdays ه؛.opened in November 1977 Year per ship Thailand 1971 1972 The port authority of Thailand has started an expan- 1973 4.0 sion project at Bangkok costing $22.5 milfion and 1974 4.8 providing berths for handling containers and ro/ro.” 1975 14,3 1976 39.5 Trinidad and Tobago 1977 22.0 A 330-metre-long container berth Is under construe- Since reports tend to ^ome from the regions that suffer tion at Fort of $pain. It will offer a total open storage from the worst congestion, they ^re not representative of and two container wortd-wide port conditions; rather, they show how ؛space of approximately 93,000 m freight stations and will be equipped with two gantry conditions on the severely affected regions have devel- cranes.” oped. Glearty, conditions were stilt serious in !977, hut there was some improvement in comparison with 1976 United Arab Emirates figures. The commissioning ofthe $harjah container terminal 90. In fact, the number of reports inctuded in the in late 1976 was the start of th^ first transhipment above survey has steadily increased fi'om 25 per month container terminal in the Persian Gulf. The Khor in 1971 to 42 per month in !977. This increase in itself Fakkan port is expected to be commissioned as a major may distort the results but it seems to stem mainly from an increasing number of affected ports. Cnditions in آﻟﻤﺔ container terminal in July !97 ports previousty included in the survey have improved, $7. Apart from the development schemes men- notably in th^ Persian Gutf; other ports that were not tioned ^bove, a number of important port projects will congested before are now appearing in the reports, also be financed by the ^orld B^nk and other inter- especiatly ports ofthe ^ed Sea and South America. So national lending institutions. Table 36 gives a full listing while congestion is less severe in individuat ports, it ofthe port development loans which were granted by seems to be becoming more widespread. IB^D and IDA during 1976-1977. These projects cover the construction ofbulk facilities, general cargo facilities 91. Fvidenee of an improvement in ! 977 is given by and container and roll-on/roll-off terminals. The loans the same indicator catculated on monthly basis for the 1976-1977 period amount to a total of throughout the year, as following: $24$.9 milfion for Ifi projects, which compares with Days Days million for $ projects during 1975-1976. This January 29.0 July 16.4 ه 5, 7 1 $ increase of 13fi per cent in the total value ofthe loans £ehruary 25.6 August 14.6 indicates the much larger scale ofthe port developments M arch 1?.9 $eptem ber 14.3 ©etober . . ٠ to whieh the World Bank is contributing. A pril M ay , . . 1?.0 Novem ber June . . 13.8 ©eeember These figures indicate that the over-all situation in congested ports has improved during !977, although D. Adequacy of port services there has not yet been a return to the situation prevailing in 1974 before the onset ofthe recent crisis. 88. Port services are adequate if they are available as 92. Reports fi-om individual ports in the above ^nd when required by the port users and at reasonable survey were intermittent. Dver the whole year, the costs. It is not possible to establish general criteria to average number of reports per month was 49, yet the measure the ^dequaey of port services, but there is o^e total number of ports covered during the year was 9t. clear indicator of inadequacy and that is port congestion These reports came predominantly from Africa and when ships and cargo are delayed excessively. Asia west of ffurma, with a sprinkling from ^outh 89. One indicator ofthe extent of port congestion for America. ¥et the widespread levy of congestion general cargo ships used in the 1976 Review is the surcharges by liner conferences suggests that there were average waiting time before berthing, as reported from a more congested ports than were included in the survey. number of ports intermittently subject to congestion.” During !977, the attention ofthe FINGTAD secretariat to the levy of congestion surcharges in ؟؛was dr^wn mainly in Furope, the— ة ports. Of these 79 ports, 2 79 Mediterranean and ^outh America—were not covered in the waiting time survey. There were 40 ports in the L ist ﺀ’ ﻣﺤﺎره/ﺀ ,Advertisement by the Jeddah contaih^r terminal ” (London), 30 September 19??. survey for which there was clearly no evidence of ” Fairplay International Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 264, surcharges. This should not be t^ken as an indication No. 4918, 24 November 19??, p. 55, and “ Review of developments in shipping, ports and inland waterways” (£/£8CA?/$TCl/31). ” Ports and Harbours (To^yo), vol. 22, No. 5, May 19??, p. 39. ” By؟published by the circular from individual conferences or frome^in referen the /ا« م the ٠، Pakkan, Preightway ٨٠٢ ^ ٠٢، ? ” /((;Basel ع«م'،، ه«-اﺀﺀ«آ hatjah ?ort Authority. international press (Journal pour le transport$ (;Journal de marine marchande ،?، de /،، navigation aérienne (Baris ،ﺀ ?transport, /9 /6 , op. cit., paras. 10 ﺀ «>،،'،ﺳﻢ ،،ص/م ee R eview$ ” seq. Sea trade (Colchester, United Kingdom (.and 31 T able 36 World Bank loans or credit for port development granted in f 976-7?

Amount o f Totalproject Type and loan/credit cost Country date (millions ofdollars) Description ofproject

Algeria IBRD 80 80 Construction of a new deep-water port near the town of Jijel to serve May 1977 mainly the new Jijel steel complex Maturities: 1981-1994 Jnterest rate: 8.2 per cent Burma IDA 10 16.1 Port ofRangoon rehabilitation deepening the access channel December 1976 Matmities: 1987-2026 Service charge: 3/4 per cent Guatemala IBRD 2.3 Reconstruction (earthqnake) July 1976 Maturities: 1980-1998 Jnterest rate: 8.85 per cent Honduras IBRD 29.9 Building of new port at Puerto Castilla and expansion o f new facilities at April 1977 (ofwhich SanTorenzo Maturities: third Window JBRD: 1983-2001 $5 m loan) 1982-1997$7m IDA IDA: 1987-2027 April 1977 Interest rates: IBRD: 4.5 per cent $5 m 8.5 per cent $7 m Service charges: IDA: 3/4 per cent Indonesia 32 79.3 Improvement of Port of Tanjnng Priok, containers and general cargo November 1976 handling Maturities: 1981-1996 Interestrate:8.5pereent Maurhlus IBRD 3.6 23.5 Expansion of port of Port Louis and improvement of operating conditions November 1976 Supplement to the $ 10 million loan granted in 1974 Maturities: 1983-2001 Interest rate: 4.7 per cent Repubhc o f IBRD 67 112 Development ofport ofBusa'n: container berth, access road, dredging Korea April 1977 Maturities: 1981-1994 Interest rate: 8.5 per cent port of Da^ar. Improvement of existing conditions and ٠٢ IBRD 6 23.9 Expansion April 1977 operations ofindustrial fishing fleet Maturities: 1983-2001 Interest rate: 4.2 percent United Republic IBRD 15 Expansion and building of new facilities, building of a new dockyard and ofCameroon September 1976 120 floating dock, road and rail access to the port IDA 10 Maturities: September 1976 IBRD: 1981-1996 IDA: 1986-2026 Interest rate: IBRD: 8.9 per dent Service charge: IDA: 3/4 per cent Yemen ^ A 6 27.9 Development of port of Hoddeidah and rehabilitation ofthe lighterage port May 1977 ofM ocha Maturities: 1987-2027 Service charge: 3/4 per cent

.(.Washington, D.C)ئur^;Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat on the basis o^the World Ъгп}/: Annual Report 977(،5

liave benefited; eyen tbose who ?؛that the surcharge list is incomplete, since these ports not all ^ort users tna n؛ ,were found in fact to be the least congested of those have benefited may have done so at great cost surveyed. Based on the surcharge information, the particular by employing vessel types and handfing waiting-time survey apparently ignores at least 35 per techniques wljich would not normally have been con- cent of congested ports. This suggests there might well sidered appropriate. Examples of the measures which have been at least 14fi general cargo ports subject to ship operators or shippers have been led to t a k include : intermittent congestion in 19??. the employment of ro-ro vessels ; 100 per cent pafietiza- 93. A notable feature ofthe survey reports is that, in tion; streamlined documentation; restricted sailing many ports, waiting time is no longer quoted as a single schedules. Although contributing to reduced port figure but as a range. This stems from the measures taken congestion, such measures may lead to supplementary in severely congested ports to limit the congestion. costs. Yarious berthing priorities have been accorded and, in 94. The changes which have been made or accepted particular, vessels which can use port facilities with the by sbip operators and shippers show recognition ofthe greatest efficiency have taken precedence. Although the fact that efficient transportation requires co-ordination statistical evidence is that port services have improved. of all the different elements involved. Elntil recently, is

32 has been eustomary to assume, at least for general eargo eased port congestion have been physical port expansion trades, that ports must be adapted to whatever shippers and strengthened management. UNCTAD has been and ship operators demand. The recent very high costs as^ed for assistance at a number of ports and has sent .forees to five countries in 1977 ؛incurred in congested ports have made it elear that it port congestion tasl may sometimes be necessary for ships and shipping Although a number of short-term measures to ease services to be adapted to ports. congestion have been identifled in every case, it has been a consistent finding that the remedy for congestion lies Although emergency measures have been tal،en in better management and improved supervision of .95 with sueeess in some ports, the major steps whieh have operations.

33 Chapter VII OTHER DEVELOPMENTS

A. Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences 97. At the eighth session of the ConrnTittee on Shipping in April 1977, developing countries re-empha- -Among devel ٠؛.Article 49, paragraph 1, ofthe Convention on a sized their support for the Convention .96 Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences provides that the oped market-economy eonntries, in December 1977 the Convention “shall enter into force six months after the Commission ofthe European Communities submitted date on whieh not less than ^4 States, the eomhined to the Council ofthe EEC for consideration a document tonnage ofwhich amounts to at least 25 per cent of world entitled “Proposal for a Council Regulation concerning tonnage, have become Contracting Parties to it...”. As at accession to the f)nited Nations Convention on a Code 14 Eebruary 1978, 25 countries accounting for 5.7 per of Conduct for Liner Conferences”, whieh recommends cent of the relevant world tonnage were contracting that memher States ofthe EEC should heeome contract- -ing parties to the Convention, subject to certain con ٠^.parties ditions.

B. Joint ventures involving developing countries tn this connexion, see “Signatures and ratifications of, or ٠٠ accessions to, the Gonvention on a Gode of Gonduct for Einer Gonferenees : note by the UNGTAD secretariat” (TD/B/G.4/INF.20). 98. In 1977, several new Joint ventures involving developing countries were reported: between Nigerian /٠ or the text of the Gonvention, see United Nations Conference? ,a Code ofConductfor Liner Conferences, vol. II »٠ Plenipotentiaries ,ﻣﺢ- اا، مﺀ the Trade and Development /٠ R ecords / ه'، ﺀﺻﻢ Final Act (including the Convention and resolutions) and tonnage *' See requirements (United Nations publication. Sales No. E.75.II.D.12). Seventeenth Session, Supplement No. 3 (TD/B/648), para. 33.

T able 37 Average dally number and net tonnage ofyessels using the Suez Canal in 1966,1976 and 1977

AverageJan.-July Average 1976 1977

NumberTypes o f vessels NumberTypes ravage Number Number tonnage

T ankers Loaded, northbound 255 701 2.5 Loaded, southbound 1.9 21 085 0.9 0.9 Ballast, northbound 0.7 7 069 0.3 320 0.43 Ballast, southbound 280 896 3.5 147 066 14© 67©

Subtotal ...... 27.2 564 751 7.2 ^13433 7.4 212 377 (Percentage tanfers) . . . (46.7) (75.2) (15.6) (41.5) (13.7) (35.6) General cargo and containers Loaded, northbound . . . — — 9.4 68918 11.0 91849 Loaded, southbound . . . — — 14.1 87 679 16.0 114991 Ballast, northbound . . . — — 4.0 15 8^2 5.4 23 30^ Ballast, southbound . . . — — 0.4 2 605 0.3 1599

Subtotal ...... 175 024 32.7 231 741 (?ercentage general cargo and containers) ...... (60.7) (34.0) (60.8) (38.8) O thers Loaded ...... 172 882 7.7 92 477 П.0 123 528 B a lla s t...... 13 737 33 474 29 566

Subtotal . . . 1.0 186619 10.9 125 951 13.7 153 094 (Percentage others) (53.3 (24.8) (23.7) (24.5) (25.5) (25.6)

Tg^al 751 370 46.0 514408 53.8 597212

؛Compiled on the basis o^in^tmation pnhlished in Suez Canat Authority. MoruhtyReport (Ismailia, E ^ t), nations i ■.ﺀﺀ١ اسﺀ .For 1966, separate information was not given by the source for general cargo and container vessels و

34 and Indian interests, resulting in the establishment in cargo and container ships by 32 per cent. Traffic details Nigeria of Fqu^torial carriers Ltd.; between Seatrain are given in table 37. Lines Inc. and Trinidad and Tobago, resulting in the 100. Work continued on widening and deepening formation ofthe Shipping Corporation of Trinidad and the Canal to pernrit the passage of vessels drawing up to Tobago. The Saudi Arabian Triad Group, Liniines and 53 feet, and is expected to be conrpleted in 1980. As ilhon؛Valmet of Finland established s^udi International Ship- announced, the project wdl cost about $1,200 n ping Co.; Indonesian ^nd Swedish interest formed FT and will enable Fgypt to increase canal revenues from Indonesian Tankers; Moroccan, British and Belgian about $450 million in 1976 to about $1,000 million in interests formed Atlas Soci6t6 marocaine de navigation 1980. S. A. Although the UNCTAD secretariat has requested the respective developing countries to provide infor- mation on th^se Joint ventures, ^t the time of writing no D. Air transport further details h^d been received. It is intended, how- ever, to report on these developments in the next Review 101. Trends in air freight transport (in terms of ofmaritime transport. ton-kilometres) for 1972-1976 are shown in table 38. 102. In 1976, the amount of eargo carried by air by c . Suez Canal the scheduled services of airhnes of ICAG member States, excluding the USSR, increased from 6.6 to 99. The number and tonnage of ships transiting the 7.1 million freight tons or by 7.6 per cent in comparison Suez Canal increased dqringl977.In the first six months with 1975, while the average distance rose from ؛^.ofthe year, the daily traffic in terms of net tonnage was 2,613 kilometres to 2,700 kilometres 16 per cent higher than in 1976, although still some ,ICAO, Digest ofStatisticsNo. 218-B, Airline Traffic— Volume 2 ٠؛ per cent below the pre-closure level. The traffic 21 decreased marginally for tankers but rose for general 1972-1976, Series T. No. 36 (Montreal, 1977), p. B.3.

ableT 38 «1976^-197 ,Trends !n n!r freight volume and in air freight operating revenues «1976^-197 ,Trends ) ﺀ ﺀ ، ﻫﻢ oflCAO member ﺀﺀ«آ/>، ه/م operations ﻣﺢﺀ/«ﻣﺢﺀأﻣﻤﻚ(

Freight volume Freight operating revenues Total Percentage Percentage freight changeover Ton- changeover operating Per ton- previous kilometres calendar (millions kilometre calendar Year {million) year ofdollars) (UScents) year

1973 ... 15 705 2 890 18.4 15.8 21.3 654 3 9.3 68 ا 7 ا ... 1974 1975 ... 17416 1.4 4 196 24.1 13.2 4.6 25.2 640 4 5.8 18414 9?6... ا

أ and ة ١ .30 (Montreal, 1977), pp .٠ мг^.ТСАО, Digest ofStatistics No. 222, FinancialData, 1976, Series ?-N?،^ .International and domestic seliednled services, excluding China and domestic services ofthe USSR ﺀ

E. UNCTAD technical assistance third UNCTAD training course on the economics and management of shipping was held in Singapore. Nine lb3. UNCTAD continued to assist developing citizens of developing countries studied overseas on countries by providing field experts to assist Govern- fellowships for a total period of 23 man/months. ments, port authorities and shipping companies, by Following the recommendations made by the Commit- holding training courses, and by offering fellowships. In tee on Shipping and the Group of Fxperts on Port 1977, UNCTAD had a total of 38 experts engaged in Congestion, a number of task force missions have been field work for a total of 300 man/months. Three semi- carried out, including missions to Benin, Cyprus, nars were held during the year: in Fondon, on ocean Morocco and the ¥emen Arab Republic. The total cost chartering; in Abidjan, on port operations; and in of UNCTAD technical assistance for the year is esti- Manila, Jointly with FSCAP, on port planning. The mated at around $2.3 milhon.

35 ANNEXES

ANNEX I

Classification of countries an

Notes Code / — Socialist countries ofAsia C hina Socialist ^e^n b lic of Viet N am » China Socialist ^e^n b lic of Viet N am N Dem ocratic People’s Republic?،( / ٠ This o fK orea?؛ This classification Is intended for statlstioal purposes onl classification Is intended for statlstioal purposesand does onl?؛ and does territories in Africa ﻣﺢ« ا، countries وا>، ﻣﻢ/ﺀ^?، ﺀ — not Code8?؛ an?؛ judgem?؛ ugment regarding the stage o f developm ent on im an pl? countr Northern Africa 8.1?؛ or.?؛or territor.?؛ Algeria Morocco '2 Note '2 Egypt Tunisia Trade statistics are based on data recorded at the ports ofloading and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya unloading. T rade originating in or destined for neighbouring countries 8.2 Western Africa Is Angola Fiberia?؛ in jvhich the ports attribnfed are situated; to the for countr this reason, lan d -lo c ^ d countries do not appear In these tabulations. Dn Benin Mauritania the other hand, statistical tabulations on m ercham s fleets include data Cape Verde Nigeria for lan d -lo ck d countries which possess fleets; these countries are for lan d -lo ck d countries which possess fleets; these countries are Congo St. Helena marlced “(L)” in the following classification. Fquatorlal Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Gabon Senegal 3 Note3 Gamhia Sierra Feone in G hana Togo?؛ in certain tables, where appropriate, six “ open registr certain tables, where appropriate, six “ open registr ”countries?؛ countries” prus, Guinea United Republic of Cameroon, ?؛€(am a ؛$ngapore Liheria, and D Somalia) m an, ?an are ,recorded as a separate group,recorded Guinea-Bissau Western Sahara Ivory Coast Zaire 8.3 Eastern Africa Reunion ( ا) Burundi Comoros Seychelles Djlhoutl Somalia Fthlopia Sudan Classification of countries and territories Kenya Uganda (L) Madagascar United Republic of Tanzania M auritius Zam bia (L) market-economy countries in America ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ/ ﺀ ^ ﺀم — ' ٢٨٨٠ M ozambique Canada United States of America Developing countries and territories in America — و Code Code 2 9.1 Caribbean and North America Japan Antigua Guadeloupe Code 3 Bahamas Haiti Australia New Zealand Barbados Jamaica market-economy countries in Europe Bermuda Martinique ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ/ ﺀ ^ ﺀم — Code 4 British Virgin Islands Montserrat A ustria(E) M onaco Gayman Islands St. Kitts-Nevls-Angullla Belgium Netherlands Cu^a St. Fucla ?؛D enm ark D enm ark Norw a D om inica St. Pierre and Miquelon F aeroe Islands Faeroe Islands Portugal Dominican Republic St. Vincent Finland Spain Greenland Turks and Caicos Islands France Sweden Grenada United States virgin Islands ( ا) Cerm Switzerland,?؛ Federal Republic of an Central America 9.2 ?؛G ibraltar G ibraltar Turke Greece United Kingdom of Creat Britain Belize Honduras Iceland and Northern Jreland Costa Rica Mexico ireland Yugoslavia £1 Salvador Nicaragua Ital Guatemala Panama>؛ South America: northern seabord د.و ا، ﺀ ،- ﻣﻢ market-economy countries in ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺎ،/ ﺀ ^ ﺀم— Code5 5 S outhA frlca SouthA frlca Guyana Surinam French Guiana Trinidad and Togabo Netherlands Antilles Venezuela ﺀﻣﻢ ^« ﺀ countries ofEastern ﺀﺀ'ا/ ا،ا ﺀ ح— Code6 6 Albania Poland Bulgaria Rom ania Czechoslovakia (L) Union of Soviet Socialist » Statistical data for the former Dempcratic Republic of Yict-Nam ears?؛ German Democratic Republic Republics and the form er Republic o f South V iet-N am for 1975 and earlier .L) are included under Socialist Republic of Viet Nam) ?؛H ungar 37 Bhutan Malaysia ﻣﺤﻤﻬﺎ، ﻫﺎ،ﺀﺀ South America: western 9.4 9.4 Gltile Ecuador Gltile Brunei Maldives Go lomb ia Peru Golombia Burnta Pakistan Detnoeratic Kantpucltea Philippines 9.5 South America: eastern seaboard 9.5 East T im or Republic ofKorea A rgen tina Paraguai، (L) Argentina Hong Kong Singapore Brazil Uruguay Brazil India Sri Eanka Falkland Islands [Malvinas] Indonesia Thailand territories in Asia ﻣﺢ« ا، Developing countries— ٠ / Code in Europe ﺀﺀ'، م،«»م ﺀ Code 11 — Developing 10.1 Western Asia M alta Bahrain Lebanon Cyprus G m an Code 12 — Developing countries and territories in Oceania Democratic Yemen G atar American Samoa New Hebrides Iran Saudi Arabia Gbristmas Island (British) Papua New Guinea Iraq Syrian Arab Republic Fiji Samoa Israel United Arab Emirates Erencb Polynesia Solomon Islands Iordan Yemen Gilbert Islands Tonga Kuwait G uam Tuvalu 10.2 Southern and Eastern Asia N auru W ake Bland Bangladesh M acao New Galedonia ANNEX [[ to geographical areas, 1965,1970,1974 and 1975 ة World؟ {Millions o f tons)

Goods I Goods unloaded Petroleum Petroleum Total Total طﺀ،ﺀﻣﻢ //٠ andyear all Dry goodsCrude Products cargo goodsCrude Crude Products cargo goods

Developed market-economy countries North America 1965 ...... 0.1 3.4 232.0 65.3 155.2 294.0 1970 ...... 0.7 308.0 314.0 73.4 103.6 170.0 347.0 1974 ...... 7.1 351.6 188.5 106.0 191.1 485.6 1975 ...... 1.4 6.0 340.8 348.2 210.8 89.0 179.5 479.3 Japan 1965 ...... 0.8 ??» 14.0 115.0 198.7 1970 ...... 0.3 41.6 41.9 17M 30.4 235.1 435.9 1974 ...... 65.0 67.1 30.^ 597.^ 1975 ...... 70.1 225.9 302.1 549.4 Australia and New Zealand 1965 ...... 1.2 25.2 26.5 18.7 2.0 34.4 1970 ...... 1.3 92.3 93.6 18.8 1974 ...... 0.2 2.4 166.0 168.6 4.8 24.7 41.4 1975 ...... 0.2 170.4 173.4 10.9 4.0 24.0 Enrope 1965 ...... 0.3 50.8 182.4 233.5 324.0 89.2 355.3 768.5 1970 ...... 16.3 81.7 ?47 1 340.0 608.2 100.2 464.4 1 17^.8 1974 ...... 23.6 321.2 431.4 711.3 108.5 578.1 1 397.9 247.9 ١ 511.2 110.8 625.9 396.4 291.1 ...... 1975 South Africa 1965 ...... 0.3 4.7 1.5 6.2 12.4 1970 ...... 2.6 6.2 17.6 25.0 11.3 1.1 12.6 19.1 ؛:ة! ...... 1974 1975 ...... 0.2 20.5 20.7 15.0 10.6 26.8

Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia Socialist countries ofEastern Europe (excluding the USSR) 1965 ...... 0.4 3.6 22.1 26.1 2.4 1.9 22.6 1970 ...... 0.2 3.4 34.8 10.8 3.0 29.2 43.0 1974 ...... 3.1 45.4 20.4 41.9 64.8 1975 ...... 44.8 19.4 44.0 67.0 USSR 1965 ...... 18.0 32.8 79.1 1970 ...... 22.9 46.0 106.9 11.9 14.4 22.0 17.6 4.4 ?»١١ 30.2 40.0 ...... 1974 1975 ...... 42.2 30.8 46.8 119.8 29.0 Socialist countries of Asia 1965 . 7.6 7.6 0.2 0.3 11.8 1970 ...... 0.1 5.4 0.4 24.4 1974 ...... 4.0 0.2 2.0 16.2 4.0 18.0 22.0 1975 ...... 8.0 0.2 2.1 20.3 2.4 18.7

Developing countries and territories Northern Africa 1965 ...... 3.4 29.2 117.2 10.9 16.3 31.1 33.8 179 9.9 255.4 221.4 ١٠٦٨ 1974 120.2 31.8 158.3 5.4 975< 7 4 ? 148.4 5.7 32.0 39.8 39 )ﻣﺢﺀ « ا>ﺀ ،« مﺀ ( [[ ANNEX

areas, 1965,1970,19741975 and ا!ca اا؛ ﺀWorld traded according to g€0gra؛ (Millions oftons)(Millions

اهﺀﻣﺤﺲ/««ﺀﻣﺤﻬﻢﺀ ﻣﺢﺀ،س/ ﺀﻣﺤﻤﻢﺀ Petroleum Petroleum Total Total alt ٠٢٢ Area^ Dry all andyear Crude Products cargo Crude Products cargo

Western Africa 1965 ...... 14.7 0.3 41.1 56.1 4.6 1970 ...... 60.5 1.0 61.5 123.0 4.0 14.8 1974 ...... 127.7 63.6 192.9 3.4 17.4 1975 ...... 104.0 67.7 173.3 16.9 Eastern Africa 1965 ...... — 0.5 11.0 11.5 3.0 6.0 1970 ...... — 1.2 16.1 17.3 1974 ...... — 1.1 16.5 17.6 1975 ...... — 1.2 14.8 16.0 10.5 €ari№ean and North A!^erica 1965 ...... — 0.2 20.4 20.6 4 3.0 7.7 1970 ...... — 1.4 23 4.5 11.2 1974 ...... 7.0 25.2 25.8 6.4 13.0 ة 32.7 23.3 9.4 — ...... 1975 entrai A،nerica© 1965 ...... 1.0 2.6 3.4 4.1 1970 ...... — 3.7 11.9 6 1974 ...... 0.5 2.1 17.3 19.9 1о!б 1975 ...... 5.0 1.5 14.2 20.7 7 12.1 South America: northern seaboard 1965 ...... 123.3 99.2 27.7 250.2 53 3.0 1970 ...... 131.1 36.0 278.9 63 3.0 1974 ...... 93.4 87.6 219.0 40 I ة:أ 179.4 30.4 64.4 84.6 ...... 1975 South America: western seaboard 1965 ...... 6.0 0.8 25.9 32.7 1970 ...... 4.6 29.8 ئ:ئ 8.9 ...... 1974 1975 ...... 8.4 l â 34.4 0.8 7.6 South America: eastern seaboard 1965 ...... — 0.8 34.4 35.3 1.4 13.1 1970 ...... 0.1 1.1 54.3 55.5 18. 1.0 19.8 1974 ...... 0.6 0.5 93.6 94.7 1975 ...... 0.9 0.9 103.7 105.5 Western Asia 1965 ...... 348.7 43.3 10.9 13.7 1970 ...... 601.9 66.2 6.0 674.2 17.7 1974 ...... 1 003.2 53.6 12.0 1 068.8 30.0 34.3 1975 ...... 895.5 50.9 14.3 960.7 39.7 Southern and Eastern Asia (n.e.s.) 1965 ...... 14.6 13.1 65.5 93.3 23.3 17.0 1970 ...... 35.0 23.7 148.0 54.7 61.9 13 1974 ...... 66.5 23.6 114.4 204.5 19.3 101.2 20 1975 ...... 66.1 107.4 195.4 18.6 102.0 20 Developing countries in Europe 1965 ...... 0.2 0.4 1970 ...... 0.3 0.7 1974 ...... — 0.3 0.6 1975 ...... — 0.1 —0.1 0.3 0.8 Oceania n.e.s. 1965 ...... — — 5.6 5.6 — 0.9 1.7 1970 ...... — 0.2 9.5 9.7 0. 1.6 2.9 1974 ...... — 10.8 10.8 1. 2.4 2.4 •١ 8.4 8.3 0.1 — ...... 1975 ، W o r l d t o t a l 1965 ...... 622 240 812 1674 622 222 832 1676 1970 ...... 1 111 330 1 165 2 605 1 101 302 1 127 2 530 1974 ...... 1 497 335 1471 3 304 1470 312 1471 3 254 1975 ...... 1 364 280 1428 3 072 1374 286 1395 3 055

Source: Data communicated to the UNCTAD secretariat by the Statistical Office ofthe St. Lawrence tra^e (in dry cargo) amounted to 37 million tons in 1965, 42 million tons in .million tons in!974,and 39 million tons in 1975 م97 ا, United Nations Secretariat. 36 .See annex 1 ofthe present review for the composition of these groups ﺀأ reat Lakes and ^t. Lawrence^ ؟Including international cargoes loaded at ports of th ﺀ .Figures rounded to the nearest million ﺀ system for unloading at ports of the system and including i»troleum imports into Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago for refining and re-export. Great Lakes and ANNEX III Merchant fleets ofthe world by flag of registration®, groups of countries and types of shlps,^ In g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977 رﺀ/ ةه/، ه^ ٠؛ه » d.w.t.figures are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are)

Bulk Container //٠ Total tankers carriers^ ships Others

283 826 33 242 543 7 5 1 4 3 4 4 5 7 659 860 97 548 819 173 493388 147 ؛؛ W o r l d t o t a l (641 315 662) (334 781 702) (169 489 113)

D e v e l o p e d m a r k e t -e c o n o m y COUNTRIES A ustralia 1 374 197 284 272 590 745 265 870 92 508 140 802 (1910403) (466 625) (965 827) Austria 53284 11845 32 639 8 800 (76377) (18 224) 73 و 8 ا Belgium ...... 1 595489 291643 675 009 351 443 58 821 2 (2 437 681) (514 162) (1 182 580) C a n a d a 1 030 377 205 494 128 742 105 270 573 306 (853 050) (283 713) (268 756) Denmark 5 331 165 637 836 1 148 723 424048 437 833 (8 567 313) 5 126 628) (1 052 812) Eaeroe Islands 57 110 8 054 05649 (32 993) ?Inland 2262095 1 166 590 401285 451 962 3 895 238 363 (3 414 997) (2 068 514) (680 155) F r a n c e 11613 859 7 512 825 1 630 673 1 351 686 253 332 865 343 (20 051 782) (14 504450) (2 860910) Germany, Federal Republic of . . 9 592 314 3 534 126 2 151818 2 653 283 708216 544 871 (15 584 267) (6 799 298) (3 724 178) 405 576 ا G ibraltar 549 0 ) ث(1314 (730 15) G r e e c e 29 5f7059 9 725 491 10579616 8 523 438 20 738 667 776 (49 322789) (18040675) (18410094) I c e l a n d 166 702 2 434 69 350 9 4 9 1 8 (144 421) (3 756) Ireland 211872 3 972 142 943 20 111 6 530 31638 (281031) (5 382) (226 822) Italy 11111182 4 684 889 3 987 407 1 134619 171241 1330261 (17 732 545) (8 679317) (6 853 445) J a p a n 40 035 853 17 116 763 13 477 764 4 519912 1 261 599 6598153 (65 869 598) (32 485 230) (22 483 685) Netherlands 5290360 2 285 647 601 478 1 658 270 182 537 562 428 (8 055 125) (4 207 833) (973 190) New Z e a la n d 199 462 32 442 123 223 79743 (210 587) (51 003) N o rw a y 27 801 471 14400 791 9 6 1 2 9 4 8 1 585218 2291472 (49 192 943) (28 103 105) (1 6 6 1 2 3 8 9 ) P o rtu g a l 1 281 439 73 204 368 664 6 260 982179 (1 906 937) (117063) South A f r i c a 476 324 45 367 40 463 243 178 2 994 322144 (544 599) (73 767) (64 324) Spain 7 186081 4 2 1 7 3 6 2 946 581 33 610 872 942 455) 940 ١ ( ( 2 8 7 4 1 8 7) (543 711 11) S w e d e n 7 4^9 394 3 7 1 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 8 1 9 963010 66916 4614 0 7 (12616984) (7 265 150) 8603) (444

41 ANNEX III (continued)

In g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977 ’؛,Merchant fleets ofthe world by flag ofregistration^ grongs of conntries and tyges of ships (available ٠؛» parentheses except in cases where such data are »١ d.w.t. figures are shown)

Bulk Genera, Container /٠١ Total tankers carriers^ cargo° ships Others

Switzerland ...... 252 746 — 125 121 121 25© — 6 375 (382 ©71) (199 6^3) T u r k e y ...... 1 288 282 366 610 333 055 468 771 — 119 846 (1 821 282) (607 456) (547 912) United K ingdom ...... 31 646 351 14 834 078 8 259 967 4 228 484 ! 470 518 2 853 304 (51 722 148) (28043035) (14263933) United States of America .... 11 907 030 5 740 782 270 171 2 153 763 1 712 399 2 029 915 (17 167 593) (10 661 132) 489 043) Y n g o s la v ia ...... ^284526 233 774 816088 1 166639 20226 47799 (3 445 194) (393 834) (1 377 139)

Su b t o t a l ; developed market- 211 006 573 93 734 648 34 663 987 >578 038 18 131749 economy countries (345 071 983) (177 408 116) (99 187 138)

O pen reg istry gg u n tries C y p r u s ...... 2 787 908 301 699 210980 2 1 7 5 1 1 1 5081 95 037 (4 0 1 5 4 2 8 ) (481000) (330 690) L i b e r i a ...... 79 982 968 50 772 231 3951 127 299 281 1 717 578 (155951 179) (105012 525) (42 732 312) O m an ...... 6 137 4 573 1 564 (9 339) P a n a m a ...... 19 458 419 6 523 949 4 289 344 7 208 396 136 938 1299 792 (31 593 234) (12 470 302) (7 096 677) S i n g a p u r e ...... 6 791 398 3 103 824 1^97 586 2 041 303 162 076 186 609 (11 351 841) (5911 644) (2 162 461) S o m a l i a ...... 158 166 24 992 9 054 123942 178 (229451) (39 076) (13 184)

SuBTOTAE;openregistry 109 184996 60 726 695 29049 715 15 504452 603 376 3 300 758 co u n tries (203 150472) (123 914 547) (52 335 324)

Socialist c o u n t ries o f E a stern E u r o p e a n o A sia

Socialist countries ofEastern Europe 55 870 54 631 1239 . . . ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ . . Albania (74 457) Bulgaria ...... 964 156 290239 23 3 ^7 0 322 499 118 148 (1 294 978) (460 814) (336 341) - 589 4 100 ١٨? Czechoslovakia ...... 148 689 (224 794) - 164) (382 -- 4? او ?? German Oemocratic Republic . . 1 486 838 275 441 743 803 (1 950 208) (488 654) - Hungary ...... 6 3016 6 3016 (87 760) -- -- Poland ...... 3 4 4 7 5 1 7 572 131 1 203 981 1 254 204 417291 (4 892 102) (1 028 817) (1 927 522) - R om ania ...... 1218 171 464 376 369 407 137 461 (1727 609) (437 750) (714 308) - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 21 438 291 4 385 489 1 229 165 7 515477 108 780 8 199 380 (23 041 993) (6 740 060) (1 906 253)

662108 102 78010 137 369 ؛471742 227 770 5 ؛Su b to ta l ...... 548 806) ؛417 (095 162 9) ؛901) (33؛

42 (continued) ا!ل ANNEX s,b in g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977 ١ Merchant fleets ofthe (shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available?،٠٢ d.w.t.figures)

Bulk Container //٠ ships Others ٠٠^^ ^Total tankers carriers

Socialist countries of Asia 174518 ؛940327 576 746 2 ا China 4 245 446 9964 ) ا 24384 ا( 425) 673 ا( (880 256 6) Democratic People’s Republic of 89 482 21734 38 790 Korea (101117) 33) (252 Socialist Republic ofViet Nam . . 128 525 90633 13 754 (175 712) (5562f)

062 227 763؛Subtotal 4 4 6 3 4 5 3 1 052 052 746576 437 (6 533 709) (• 762 298) (f 243 841) f08 780 9 329 724 12806900 ة831 ا 33 286 001 4 2 ٠٢ Subtotal: Socialist countries Eastern E urope and A sia (39 827 610) 6616) (647

Developing countries ofAfiica A l g e r i a 1 055 962 623 203 63 094 123 034 — 246 63• (1 6 5 1 3 1 5 ) (1 204 199) (93 612) 2580 — 17؛ Angola 22 043 1875 (26 627) (2 750) R e n i n 912 — 9f2 (255) 714 ا — ؛C ape Verde Islands...... 3 966 252 (5 187) Comoros 765 139 (1051) (59) Congo 4 172 — 4172 (483) Egypt 407 818 126 887 227 048 — 88353 (533 387) (207 547) 3 0 7 0 3 070 ٠ . ٠ . ٠ ٠ Equatorial Cuinea

Ethiopia...... 23 989 2051 21 142 — 796 (30 985) (2 980) Gabon 98645 74471 22 131 — 0432 (171 025) (141 158) Gambia 1 608 641 — 967 (• 328) Ghana 182 696 136 041 — 65546 (208211) 397 ١ — G u i n e a 12 597 10 764 436 (16 787) (15 290) G uinea B i s s a u 219 — 2f9

Ivory C o a s t ...... 115717 103 073 — 12 644 (147 682) Kenya 15 192 2 704 9 320 — 3f68 (19 883) (4 642) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya .... 673 969 36 332 ظ؛؛؛?.. 029) 195 ١( Madagascar ...... 3 9 8 5 0 1324 33 561 — 4 965 (51609) 2) (319 M a u r ita n ia ...... 1113 (645) M a u r i t i u s ...... 37288 32913 — 4 375 (46 055) M o ro c c o ...... 270295 105 582 32 494 75456 — 56763 (415 545) (186 773) (49 500) 43 A NNEX 111 (continued) Merchant،؛ groups of countries and types of fleets ships,، nf inthe g.r.t. world and by d.w.t., flag of as registration at 1 1977July 1977 available) ، ٠ « where such data are ﺀﺀﺀهﺀ parentheses except in ١« ?،shown ٢؛،(d.w.t.figures

Container » ٠ ships Others وﺀئ؟ ^Tolat tankers carriers

Mozambique ...... 2 7 6 1 8 366 14102 13 150 (24 150) (412) N igeria ...... 335 540 143 469 176 088 15 983 (523 446) (272 443) $enegal ...... 28 044 3 876 5 879 (26 312) (5 246) ٦587? Seychelles ...... 59 140 29 958 (49 676) (2 700) Sierra Leone ...... ill 5 042 Sudan ...... 43 375 42 255 1 120 (56 893) Togo ...... 134 134

T unisia ------100 128 26 827 20 157 46 552 (147 449) (46 824) (32 173) 5 5 1 0 5 5 1 0 . ٠ ٠ . ٠ . ٠ ٠ . . Uganda (9 115) United ^e^ublic of Uameroon . . 78 180 47 577 25 078 5 575 (116257) (85 950) 35 613 26 765 8 609 ٠ . . Uffited Republie of Tanzania (42 446) (261) 109 785 95 951 13 834 ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ... ٠ ٠ ٠ . aire^ (157 603) G a m b i a 5513 5513 (9 110)

Su b t o t a l: developing eountries 1807 764 7575161 126 509 3233571 600 382 (190575) 32) (2 5 4 551) 9 9 ؛Afriea 697

DLVLtOLtNO OOUNT^S AND TLRRITORmS OF A m LR^OA Anguilla 399 399 (525) A ntigua 149 149 (182) A rgentina 1 677 169 251 344 733 431 129 682 (2 262 170) (832 863) (401 449) Bahamas 106317 14631 53 792 26 350 11544 (147 321) (22 366) (82 886)

BarhadDs 4 448 291 4 157 (514) Belize 620 620 (800) Bermuda 1 7 5 1 5 1 5 1 008 861 594 200 33 074 113 787 (3 040 194) (1 836015) (972 468) Brazil 3 329 951 1 202 047 827 431 1 142 641 157 832 (5 335 672) (2 112 391) (1 513 835) Uaymanfslands 123 787 4 099 82 706 13 326 (176418) (6 970) (36015) Uhile 405 971 61 128 66 971 246 401 31471 (589 588) (102 734) (114673) C olom bia 247 240 4 784 236 851 5 605 (297 123) (6 830) 44 ANNEX !!! (continued) Merchant ofsblps؛،, Merchant fleets ofthe wort

Oil Bulk Container Total tankers carriers^ ships Others

Costa Rica ...... 6811 5 484 1327 (7 370) C uba ----- 667 518 64 382 29 845 4 2 1418 151873 (839 416) (97 072) (49 933) Dominican Republic - - - - - 8 469 674 7 4 1 0 385 (11 894) (1 609) Ecuador ...... 197 244 113969 73 485 9 790 (277 131) (189 226) El Salvador ...... 1987 1816 171 (3 303) Falkland Islands ...... 6 93? 537 6 400 (4 383) . . . . ٠ . ٠ ٠ . . Grenada (340) G uatem ala ...... 11475 379 (16 076) G uyana ...... 16274 6 358 8 290 (15 180) (1 745) H onduras ------104 903 1364 99 240 (116317) (2 303) Jam aica ...... 7 075 6 290 785 (5 864) M exico ...... 673 964 336 312 32 105 133 589 171958 (890 370) (539 062) (50 760) 1248 )أ86أ ( ...... Montserrat N icaragua ...... 5 237 24 825 4 526 (972 7) >ة ﻗﺔﻣﺢ ?araguay ...... 2 1 9 3 0 1813 15 566 4 551 (619 23) (619 (2 514) Reru ...... 555 419 79 789 147 548 194 096 133 986 (421 687) (421 (121 128) (261 871) St. Kitts-Nevis ...... 90) أ 928 387 436 105 .....٠٠٠٠٠ St. Lucia (911) 4288 387 7 498 543 . ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ . ٠ . St. V incent (209 11) (209 (444) Surinam ...... 77^7 208 6241 (086 9) (086 (354) Tri^dad and Tobago . . . . . 19217 1736 3 3 1 4 12 142 (10947) (2 ООО) Turks and Caicos Islands .... 4052 499 1 782 124 (700 3) (700 (850) 792192 133618 47 607 11567 ٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ U ruguay (239 309) (239 (232 864) V enezuela ...... 639 396 267 846 9 070 248 238 114242 (397 780) (397 (392 759) (13921) V irgin Islands (British) ..... 0574 3 337 720 (335 5) (335

1107026 ؛029 ؛824005 962؛Su b t o t a l : developing countries and 83674410 8677223 035 territories of America 15929) (992 5126) (071 1497 (811

45 ANNEX III (continued) s?؛, Merchant؛^؛groups of eonntrles Beets ofthe and world t by Bag of registrationin g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at of1 1977 Julysblps ® رﺀ/ﻫﻢ/اﻣإلم ،٠ « ٠٢?، هﺀﻫﻤﺢ !اع،،ﺀس٢?، ﺀ ﺀ?،ﺀمﺀ in ؛م?،ﺀعﺀﺀ?،ﺀ?،؛م؛«?،م٠٢ ؛>، shown ٠٢?، (d.w.t.figures

Container ﺀ/»ﺀ /رم Others ﺀ>ﺗﻲ>اﺀ ٠ق ﺀйrﺀ ^tankers carriers / ا،،ﻣﺂ

D e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s a n d TER^TORIES 0? A sia B a h r a i n ...... 6 409 1943 3 553 ) ﺳﺎ( Bangladesh...... 2443 1 4 4 1 4 7 2 75255 126146 20 944 (347019) 63) (623 93) (026 Brunei ...... 899 616 (896) Burm a ...... 6 7 5 0 2 51254 9 990 (76 859) 7) (519 Demccratlc Kampuchea .... 3 558 998 2 560 (3 779) Dem ocratic Y em en ...... 6 3 9 0 2.553 3 135

Hong K o n g ...... 609679 26 032 387865 117830 55 200 22 752 (896 350) (43 705) (657 515) I n d i a ...... 5 482 176 1 146718 2 340 766 8337411 160 951 (8 746 101) (2 044 571) (4051 040) 163 173 101 138 44 272 831297 186 466 ١ ...... I n d o n e s i a (1 462 858) (153 273) (65 858) I r a n ...... 1 002 061 616555 347671 (1 666093) (1 154 026) 135 245 978664 75 683 ١ ...... I r a q (2 022 176) (1 853 095) - I s r a e l ...... 404 651 368 206423 852104 5 182 (541 231) (642) (314263) Jordan ...... 696 496 200

033 673 86012 0787751 :؛ﺀ . ﺷﻢ..ح (3 130995) 0712) (546 18) (822 227 009 989221 5 020 ...... ٠. Lebanon (307879) M a la y s ia ...... 563 666 300 728 322178 77 358 (815 391) 482) (760 Maldives. 110681 106 645 1844 (137470) P a k i s t a n ...... 475 600 21903 4192 8 6 18470 (634 581) 1 (32919) Q a t a r ...... 84 710 12 140 (149 361) (iSS Ü ) Philippines ...... 1146 529 294918 187 961 542064 121 586 (797 526) (797 (317940) 996 324 884ا 627689 0536261 ﻣﺌﺔأ : ةإ' ...... (053 9651) (053 648) (406 Saudi A rabia ...... 1 0 1 8 7 1 3 859216 113 132 46 365 (1 739 408) 5781) (131 Sri Lanka ...... 92 581 21355 6 1 2 0 0 10026 (126 998) 36) (432

46 ANNEX III (concluded)

Merchant fleets ofthe world hy flag of registration^ groups of countries1977 and types of ships,، In g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977 available) ، ?،٠ « ٢؛،(d.w.t.figures are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data

Bulk Container // ٠ Total tankers carriers^ ships Others

Syrian A rab R epublic - - - 20 679 19043 1636 (31003) T hailand ...... 260 664 143 927 103 672 13 065 (401 951) (249 278) United Arab Enrirates - - - - - 152 100 77 899 64 353 (249 164) (146 162) Y em en ...... 1436 1260 176 (1 850)

893 238 0 1 2329 ؛Su b t o t a l : developing countries and 18 607 039 6 545 795 3 957 089 352 territories of Asia (29 041 367) (12 074 364) (6 682 549)

D ev elo ping co u n t ries o f E urore ؛M alta ...... 100 420 23 267 20 574 977 (141 587) (37 975) (31 360)

Su b t o t a l : developing countries 100 420 23 267 20 574 48 977 7 602 ofE urope (141 587) (37 975) (31 360)

D lvlloring c o u n t ries a n o TLRRITORIES OF ©CEANIA Fiji ...... 10 879 254 — 5 858 4 767 - (10488) (400) N auru ...... 48 353 19 564 25 610 3 179 ب (953 31) - (014 62) New Hebrides ...... 12 189 — 11674 515 (15085) - - C ilbert I s la n d s ...... 1333 — 1333 T u v a l u ...... (868) Papua N ew G uinea ...... 16217 1276 7 135 (15613) (1 198) Solomon Islands ------1 746 — 1058 (1 955) - 14 180 — 11363 2 8 1 7

(17 117) " ■

Su b t o t a l : developing countries and 104 897 1530 19 564 64 702 19 101 territories of ©ceania (123 140) (1 598) (31 953) Other (unallocated) . . . . . 1 558713 340 096 534 777 574 683 18 109 91048 (2 331 960) (609 186) (870 756)

ة s of America ؛ ؛supplementary data r the Great Lakes fleets ofthe United أ ؛ ,(Sources: Lloyd’s Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables. 1977 (^ndon the United $tates Reserve Fleet. nd do not imply the expression of any opinion by the $ecretariat ofthe United؟ The designations employed and the presentation of matei^al in this table refer to flags of registration ﺀ Nati^nsconcerningthelegalst^usofanycountryortei^ ^$hipsof!()©g.r.t.andover,excludingtheGreat^k€sfleets .Ore and bulk carriers of 6,000 g.r.t. and over, including ore/bulk/oil carriers ﺀ .Including passenger/cargo د ؛Excluding estimates of ﺀ Oil Bulk General Total tankers carriers cargo Others 463 76 20113 1570358 717 25 692651 ا United States Great Lakes Fleet 2 842 387) (38 837) (2 746 208) 98311 472 134 609 1490 7 او6 792571 وا . . . Canadian Great Lakes Fleet 2 549 855) (104 171) (2 206 228) United $tat^ Reserve Fleet (vessels 1700 ООО 210000 _ 1490 ООО _ (g.r.t.andover) .... 2 125 000) (330 ООО ﺳﻤﻢ, اo f

47 ANNEX IV Selected maximum aud minimum^ tramp freight rates, 1974-1977 (unless otherwise specified ﺑﻢ^ه//ﻣﻤﺢ UnitedStates)

1974 1975 19771976 Commodityandroutes High Low High Low High Low High Low

Heavy grain Gulf of Mexico (United States of America)-India 60.00 45.75 28.25b 24.00b 26.50b 26.25b 5.00 ا 5.00[ ط 25b. 20.75 ا 2 3.00 ١ 6.00 ا River Riate-Antwerp/Hanthurg range .... 32.00 26.50 ﺀ6.50 ا 7.00 ا 2E50 24.00، !7.20، ﺀ 9.50،32.50 ا RiverP iate-Iapan ،45.00 45.00، 32.50، ﺀ35 .اا ]3.25 4.50! !6.60، .65 ا ! 30.00 20.00 20.50. . . . ٠ . NorthPacific-Repuhlicof^rea .

Coal ل 5.50، 6.25 7.45 ه 8.00 5.65 509.00م0 ا Hampton Roads-Iapan ...... 25.50

Sugar 9.90 .05 ا ]3.65 1.90! ا 7.50 5!0.65 ٠١ ١ا ]Mauritius-United Kingdom (sterling (Mauritius-United .... 3.90) 22.00، !5.90 26.50، 6.00، 21.00 6.50، ١ ا Phiiippines-United States of America ....30.00 29.00

0 ا 3. 3.35 5.00 4.253.00 04.00 ا Brazii-GontinentalEurope ...... 0.50[ .4؛ . 2.40 2.95 4.45 2.9502.30 ا Monrovia-Gontinenta! ...... 6.25 4.45 .3؛ Monrovia-Gontinenta! Europe؛

Phosphate Aqaba-West Goast India ...... 20.75 6.00! 16.00 7.50 9.50 8.25 9.50

Fertilizers 23.00 00.اة Guif 48.00 42.50 25.00 23.00 24.25؟ Guif of Mexico (United StatesofAmerica)-India65.25؟ 65.25 48.00 42.50 25.00 23.00 23.00

.About 50,000 tons ا، ,nuary 1976 and 4 January •977؛؛London), 6 January 1975, 5 J) ﺀﺀ'اﺀ Source: Lloyd's ,) vol. 257, No. 4820, 8 January ال 0ل<^ 0 ا( Weekly. (London, vot 265, No. 4924, International Shipping Weekly .^Fairplay ﺀا>اﺀﺗﻴﺎاﺀ Fairplay International , ا or 7?9؛ ,and ,./،)،،:p. П 5 [,8.ог1976,1976؛;p. 89. vo!;2b],No.48?4, 20January]977,p , إJanuary 978 9[ ,Approximate levels ﺀ бО,000-80,000.؛бО,000-80,000 tons. b About 14,000 tons. ؟ Di-ammonium phosphate .Di-ammonium. .tons 20,000-25,000، | إ ق

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ﺀئ؛ ﻣﻮ أ11 ق؛ ﺀ اأ ﻫﺔﺑﻢ،8 لﺀآل،ﺀﺀ'1أ ﺀ رو،ال1ة' ال ﺀﺀ ر ﺑﻤﻠﻘﺎﺀآ ﺀﺀﺑﺞﺀﺳﻬﻖ ؛« ﺀﺑﻤﺴﺮﻫﺄ أص ﺀﻫﺎ اأ№ ه1 ﻫﻤﺢ؛ﺀ

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