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Overview of an Aircraft Expedition Into the Brazilian Cerrado for the Observation of Atmospheric Trace Gases

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Overview of an Aircraft Expedition Into the Brazilian Cerrado for the Observation of Atmospheric Trace Gases JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 101, NO. D19, PAGES 23,973-23,981, OCTOBER 30, 1996 Overview of an aircraft expedition into the Brazilian cerrado for the observation of atmospheric trace gases V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and P. C. Alvalfi Instituto Nacional de PesquisasEspaciais, S5o Paulo, Brazil Abstract. Tropospherictrace gaseswere measuredfrom an aircraft platform. The flights were organizedto sampleair massesfrom the geographicarea of central Brazil, where the vegetation,a savanna-typeenvironment with the local name of "cerrado",is subjectto burningevery year, especiallythrough August, September,and October. These measurements were made as a Brazilian local contribution to the international field campaignorganized by NASA, the Transport and AtmosphericChemistry Near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) mission,and the SouthernAfrican Fire Atmospheric ResearchInitiative (SAFARI). The major NASA TRACE A missionused the NASA DC 8 aircraft, with most flightsover the South Atlantic Ocean region. In Brazil, missionsusing small aircraft measuredozone and carbon dioxide continuously,and carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and methane usinggrab sampling.In addition, ground-basedmeasurements were made continuouslyover most of the dry monthsof 1992, and ozonesondeswere launchedat three different sites.Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite-East (GOES E) imagesand a specialnetwork of radio soundingsprovided meteorological information,and advancedvery high resolutionradiometer (AVHRR) imagesindicated the distributionof fire pixelsin the region of interest. Most of the biomassburning in 1992 occurredin the state of Tocantins,with about 22% of all the burning in Brazil. The state of Mato Grossowas second,with 19% of all burning. The Brazilian aircraft was used mostlyin these two states,near the cities of Porto Nacional and Cuiabfi, for in situ sampling;31 vertical profileswere made in air massesconsidered to be well mixed, that is, not in fresh plumes.Although the major interestwas the dry season,sampling was also made during the previouswet seasonperiod in April 1992 for comparison;10 vertical profileswere obtainedusing the same aircraft and measurementtechniques. There is a clear differencebetween these two oppositeseasonal periods, most evidentin the 03 and CO data. Both Cuiabfi and Porto Nacional show some30-60 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) larger methaneconcentrations, for example,during the dry season,in comparison to the wet season,the differenceat Cuiabfi being larger. The methane data for the wet seasonshow no significantdifferences between Cuiabfi and Porto Nacional mixing ratios, which seemsto excludethe existenceof significantsources or sinksat these sites during this wet season.The ozone mixing ratios vary around 15 _+5 ppbv in the wet season,and from a minimum of 35 to a maximumof 70 _+ 10 ppbv, dependingon height, in the dry season.The largestvariability is seen in the carbon monoxidemixing ratios which vary from 90-100 ppbv in the wet seasonto maxima of 300 at 3.3 km and 600 ppbv at 1.2 km height in the dry season. Introduction were immediatelyburned to clear the land. Deforestationrates thenwere about 20,000 km 2 yr-•. Presently,federal incentives Biomass Burning are no longer in effect and the migrations have decreased Brazil is one of the tropical countriesthat still has a large considerably.Although there is still significantdeforestation populationgrowth rate; its populationhas doubledin the last estimatedat about10,000 km 2 yr-• by 1995,the deforestation 50 years.This causespressure to searchfor new land, modu- trend has been decreasingconsistently over the last 7 years. lated by the country'seconomic situation. Years ago the fed- Most of the biomassburning has turned to the savanna-type eral governmentof Brazil created incentivesfor people to environments, known as the cerrado of central Brazil. Biomass move especiallyfrom the poor northeaststates to the Amazo- burningin Brazil has a strongseasonal cycle (from wet to dry, nian states,for basic development.This causedconsiderable or vice versa) with almost no burning from Januaryto May, populationmigrations, with large rates of deforestation,espe- and strongburning activity in July to October. For September cially in the state of Rondonia, and the south of Parfi, well of 1992, for example,it is shownthat 22% of all burning in documentedby the press. Forest land became pasture and Brazil occurred in the state of Tocantins. The definition of wet several new cities were created. Much of the deforested areas and dry seasonsis generally subjective,but can be defined Copyright1996 by the American GeophysicalUnion. quantitativelyas shownby Kirchhoffet al. [1992]. Paper number 95JD03029. Biomass burning introduces several gases into the lower 0148-0227/96/95JD-03029509.00 atmospheremodifying its natural composition[Crutzen et al., 23,973 23,974 KIRCHHOFFAND ALVAL*: AIRCRAFT EXPEDITION IN BRAZIL Table 1. Flight Locations,Types and Data ObtainedDuring Major TRACE A Mission Period (Dry Season,Total of 31 Aircraft Profiles) Flight Flight Type and September,1992 Location Sites* Number Data Obtained 8 SJC-CBA transit 1 03, CO, N20 , CO 2 9 CBA 1, 2 profiles1, 2 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 10 CBA 3, 4 profiles3, 4 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 13 CBA 5 profile 25 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 15 CBA-PN 7 profile 5 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 16 PN 10, 11 profiles6, 7 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 17 BG 5 profile 8 03, CO, N20 , CH 4 18 PN 8 profile 9 03, CO, N20 , CH 4 19 PN 9, 8, 9 profile 10, 11, 12 03, CO, N20 , CH 4 20 PN 7, 10, 12 profile 13, 14, 15 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 21 PN 7, 10, 12 profile 16, 17, 18 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 22 PN 7, 10, 11 profile 19, 20, 21 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 23 PN 7, 10, 12 profile 22, 23, 24 03, CO, N20 , CO2, CH 4 26 SJC-PN transit 2 03 27 PN-AF 7, 6 profiles26, 27 03, CO, N20 , CH 4 28 PN 7, 10, 12 profile 28, 29, 30 03, CO, N20 , CH 4 29 PN 11 profile 31 03, CO, N20, CH 4 *These refer to flight sitesshown in Figure 5 Most flightsare madebetween 1000 LT and 1400LT. Locationshorts are as follows:S•o Jos6dos Campos,SJC; Cuiabgt, CBA; PortoNacional, PN; Barra do Gar•as,BG; Alta Floresta,AF. 1979]. This fundamentalconcept has receivedincreasing at- and Brazil [Fishmanet al., this issue]and, in addition,field tention,both from a purely theoretical(photochemical) per- missionswere organizedin Africa and Brazil by independent spective[Jacob and Wofsy,1988; Logan, 1985] as well as from groups.A groupfrom Europeworked in Africaunder the South- the observationalpoint of view. A number of new observa- ern AfricaFire AtmosphericResearch Initiative (SAFARI), and tional groups developedfacilities to measureatmospheric in Brazil the InstitutoNacional de PesquisasEspaciais (INPE) tracegases [Cros et al., 1987,1988; Kirchhoff et al., 1989;Kirch- grouporganized special ground-based work andtwo aircraftmis- hoff and Marinho, 1990] and severalfield expeditionswere sionsdescribed in this report. organizedto measurethese effects in the tropics,using aircraft [Crutzenet al., 1985;Delany et al., 1985;Gregory et al., 1988; The Brazilian Componentof TRACE A Browellet al., 1988, 1990;Andreae et al., 1992;Anderson et al., Two aircraftexperiments were organizedin 1992,one in the 1993;Hoell et al., 1993;Andreae et al., 1994].In the late 1980s, wet seasonand one in the dry season.In addition, ground- J. Fishmanand coworkersdeveloped a new techniqueto study basedobservations were made at Cuiabfi(16 ø S, 56ø W), Porto troposphericozone distributionsfrom simultaneousobserva- Nacional(10.5 ø S, 48ø W), and Natal (6ø S, 35ø W). For the tions of two satellites,and thesestudies detected a large ozone major dry seasonmission, aircraft flightswere organizedini- bulge in the South Atlantic Ocean, near the African coast tially such that the timing would correspondto the major [Fishmanet al., 1990, 1991; Watsonet al., 1990].Preliminary NASA TRACE A campaign,but technicalproblems with the studiesat Natal, for example[Kirchhoff and Nobre, 1986] and NASA DC 8 causeddelays and changed the originalplans. The later for the South Atlantic by J. Fishman and coworkers, Brazilian aircraft flights are shownin Table 1. Most of the indicatedthat this large ozone bulge could be the result of actual sitesfor profilingwere locatedclose to Cuiabfi in the transportand chemistryinduced by biomassburning in the state of Mato Grosso, and near Porto Nacional in the state of nearby South American and African regions.This early hy- Tocantins(see Figure 5). Thesesites are part of the cerrado pothesiswas confirmed by this specialfield mission.Not only environment, but Cuiabfi has the influence of the rain forest are the sourceregions in Brazil andAfrica strongand efficient area to the north andwest, and possiblyfrom the Pantanalarea enoughfor the chemicalproduction [Jacob et al., this issue; in the south-southwest.Thus the fuel type beingburnt is grass, Pickeringet al., thisissue] but alsodetailed trajectory analyses shrubs,and small trees, with flaming combustionprevailing [Fuelberget al., this issue]show that the Brazilian sources over smoldering.However, when the winds blow from the contributeto the South Atlantic tropical portion of the ozone forest areas,near Cuiabfi,there may be a significantcontribu- bulge at the higherlevels, above about 500 hPa, whereasthe tion from smolderingfires. Most of the new fires are lit in the lowerportions of the tropospherein the SouthAtlantic region, afternoon, around 1500 to 1600 LT, and they usuallylast for from coastto coast,receive the burningproducts from Africa about 1 to 2 hours,depending
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