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Escartin Thesis (13.09Mb) cf Î~ / l 1:71 - Ridge Segmentation, Tectonic Evolution and Rheology of Slow-Spreading Oceanic Crust 133£ by Javier Esteban Escartín Guiral /' LIcenciado en Geología Aplicada con grado, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, 1990 Maitrise q'Océanologie Apliquée, Université de Perpignan, France, 1990 1";:---"¡---r-""'..-.,...... I 1,,_1l I ~ ¡f' '-iI' ", J Iì ~, ¡ ~r ',-- I ',,"..', v, f ;-. ;::~ ! ",h', f (j", "' SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FORliif,:; /i~; 1 '- DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN OCEANOGRAPHY . t! I ::1 at the '-___ 1 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY -,-"'~~"'- and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION August, 1996 \\'~,-~ (Ç Javier Escartín Guiral, 1996. All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT and WHO I permission to reproduce and distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and \~ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, August 1996 % ~ Certified by Accepl sisSupeNisor Deborah K. Smith, Chair, Joint Commttee for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2 RIGE SEGMENTATION, TECTONIC EVOLUTION AN RHOLOGY OF SLOW -SPREADING OCEANIC CRUST by Javier Esteban Escartín Guiral Submitted to the Deparment of Earh, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, on August 1996 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT Two-thirds of the Earth's surface is oceanic crust formed by magmatic and tectonic processes along mid-ocean ridges. Slow-spreading ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are discontinuous and composed of ridge segments. Segments are thus fundamental units of magmatic accretion and tectonic deformation that control the evolution of the crust. The objective of this Thesis is to constrain the tectonic processes that occur at the scale of slow- spreading segments, to identify the factors controllng segment propagation, and to provide constraints on lithospheric strength with laboratory deformation experiments. In chapter 2, bathymetry and gravity from various areas along the global mid-ocean ridge system are analyzed to quantify systematic variations at the scale of individual segments. There is a marked asymmetry in bathymetry and gravity in the vicinity of segment offsets. We develop a model of faulting to explain these observations. Low-angle faults appear to accommodate tectonic extension at the inside corners of ridge-offset intersections, and result in substantially uplifted terrain \\ith thin crust with respect to that at the outside corners or centers of segments. Results from Chapter 3 indicate that the crust magmatically emplaced on axis is not maintained off-axis. This transition is revealed by both statistical and spectral analyses of 3 bathymetry and gravity. Tectonic extension varies along the length of a segment, resulting in thinning and uplift of the crust at ridge-offset inside corners, and a decorrelation between bathymetry and gravity patterns. Tectonic deformation substantially reshapes the oceanic crust that is magmatic ally emplaced on-axis, and strongly controls the crustal structure and seafloor morphology off-axis. Satellite gravity data over the Atlantic shown in Chapter 4 reveal a complex history of ridge segmentation, and provides constraints on the processes driving the propagation of segments. The pattern of segmentation is controlled mainly by the geometry of the ridge axis, and secondarily by hot spots. Segments migrate primarily down regional gradients associated with hot spot swells. However, the lack of correlation between gradients and propagation rate, and the propagation up gradient of some offsets, suggest that additional 'factors control propagation (e.g., variations in lithospheric strength). Most non-transform offsets are short-lived and migrating, while transform offsets are long-lived and stable. Both the propagation of segments (Chapter 4) tectonism along a segment (Chapters 2 and 3) are controlled by the lithospheric rheology. In Chapter 5 I present results from laboratory deformation experiments on serpentinite. These experiments demonstrate that serpentinites are considerably weaker than peridotites or gabbros, display a non-dilatant style of brittle deformation, and strain is accommodated by shear cracking. Serpentinites may weaken the lithosphere, enhance strain localization along faults, and control the style of faulting. Thesis supervisor: Jian LIn Title: Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completing this Thesis has been possible thanks to numerous friends and my family, with whom I have shared the good moments and who have supported me during the times that were difficult over the last "few" years at WHOI. Jian Lin's advice, help, motivation, and support kept me on the track towards finishing and moving on, although this happened only after 6 instead of 5 academic years. Greg Hirth supervised an important part of the work presented, always with highly contagious enthusiasm and endless energy (that was not contagious, unfortunately!). To both I am indebted for their effort, time invested, and infinite patience. Apar from the advice of Jian and Greg, the work presented here has evolved, improved and been influenced by a large number of people through discussions, comments and suggestions from Alan Chave, Bob Detrick, Henry Dick, Brian Evans, Kip Hodges, Hans Schouten, Peter Shaw, Deborah Smith, Brian Tucholke, and Elazar Uchupi, and of course my fellow students; I wil get to them later on, though. The Geodynamics seminar, conducted by Henry Dick, has been an important source of motivation, information, and geological field trips (remember Canarias, Henry?). Dave Aubrey guided me on my first steps in Woods Hole, after coming here with a fellowship from "La Caixa" to work on coastal processes; the only reason I got accepted at WHOI is that I had my own money, at least that's what I've overheard (verdad, El?). I haven't given yet the final title of my thesis to the grant managers of that bank yet. Finally, thanks to the members of my Thesis Commttee, Jian Lin, Greg Hirth, Deborah Smith, Brian Tucholke, Kip Hodges, and the chair, Greg Ravizza, for their effort and time. Careful and thoughtful comments by Brian Tucholke are gratly appreciated. Deborah made sure I keept my priorities straight, in all senses. I finally got the handshake, and I can hit the lecture circuit well equipped now, Bob. Greg made me apprciate some of the best aspects of this world at 6:00AM in Providence, ready for a 29 hour day ahead; hard but great. Elazar made sure I was "making good progress" and "doing good work" at least three times a day, always with all that energy that I much needed (dinner in Madrid is stil pending). The unconditional support of the Education Office throughout these years has also been instrumental to the completion of this Thesis. Apar from the administrative support, they provided financial help to support my paricipation in different meetings, and to cover my 5 salary. And above all they provided a human environent and a friendship face to overcome some of the hardships of being here. I hope that this aspect is not totally lost for the future students, though. The warmest thanks to Jake Pierson, Abbie Jackson, Julia Westwater and Dacia Tucholke for everything. Pam Foster, Janet Jackson and Roy Smith made my stay at WHOI possible providing support and help for all those things needed to facilitate my stay here, and get my stuff done. Despite all my lack of organization, they showed infinite patience. Six years is not a short time. Friends have left behind and new ones have come into life. Their friendship has been as important, if not more, than all the scientific input received. What is coming here is a short and fast account of flashbacks that go through my mind; the long version I leave it for another time. Joe Lacasce and Connie Hart were my first american "home" in Boston (are you sure you want to sleep on the couch, Gary?), after I scaped the Spanish tribes in MIT. Joe always had a positive attitude and sense of humour that helped me through in many cases, specially when we lived together (is the phone cold?). He also provided me with a second family in this par of the world. Although he insisted and convinced me not to dislike Jazz, I never got him to appreciate the wonderful sounds Spanish Rocanrol. From Barb I begun to lear what is the balance between important matters and the rest, but I am not handling that well yet; I keep a lot from those times together (sorry, but Miguelon did not make it this year). Connie's stontoreous and contagious laughs (some for more than 45 minutes!) have cheered many of us during all these years (nyigo nyigo; gloup gloup), and hopefully you'll finish Platero, and you'll feed one of those in the Pirineos soon. Gary Jaroslow and Emilie Hooft have been with me in numerous trips to meetings, the field, cruises, and some "occasional" vacation. Tnese have been many years of shared good experiences, amazing spots in the world, and happy moments (I've got a esniker!). By the way, Gary, you have to lear how to strech you am better. Garret Ito had always a positive attitude towards things, and energy thatI obviously lacked, which helped to get through problems coolheaded (the SGl screen is broken, did you see it?). He also provided us with an exotic and multicultural touch that Woods Hole lacks: the polynesian/punk crowds filed his house once a year. At least I'll get to see Hege and Dan (with the babies) soon in Europe, together with Cecilie, Joe and Johannes. Beverly Saylor and Meg Coleman gave MI a much needed human aspect, specially during my first years up there in the big city.
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