The Immigration and Ethnic History

Vol. LII, No. 2 Winter 2020 Newsletter Teaching Arab American History through Digital Collections: Agenda for a Plague Year By Stacy D. Fahrenthold

“I came to the U.S. to stay,” Alice Abraham concluded of tives of transit, arrival, and integration, Naff wrote them her arrival from Ottoman Mount in 1909, “but I into Becoming American: the Early Arab American Experi- was more sure of that after I got here.”1 Abraham arrived ence, a foundational work in Arab American history.3 Her in New York City at fifteen years old before proceeding to interviewees touch on a common theme: a sense that the Cedar Rapids, Iowa to join her brother and father. Speak- war, redrawn borders in the , and passport ing to historian Alixa Naff in 1962, Alice reported that her politics left people feeling fixed in place, stuck by force of family had not originally decided whether their time in massive, geopolitical circumstances beyond their control. America would be temporary or We now inhabit another moment permanent. Instead, the First of being fixed in place. The causes World War and the Ottoman Em- of our fixity and how we experi- pire’s disintegration rendered re- ence it are different than they turn to Lebanon impossible. An- were a century ago. But for histo- other of Naff’s interlocutors, Si- rians more comfortable with mon Abdelnour, came to the Unit- transit and crossings than we are ed States for medical school and with shelter-in-place, this mo- intended to return home “but I ment presents challenges to our was prevented from doing so by research and teaching. How do the war.” For Simon, the war’s end we teach migration history amid brought not a reopening of bor- the closure of key archives due to ders but further alienation: “I ap- COVID-19? This essay suggests plied for a passport to go back but “Syrian Restaurant,” c. 1910–1915, George Gran- ideas for teaching Arab American they weren’t issuing passports; tham Bain Collection, Library of Congress. history through digital collections, this was in 1919–20…. I came to Los Angeles and gave up emphasizing classroom work with primary sources. I’ll in- the idea of going back to Lebanon.”2 This experience of troduce key archival collections and propose how stu- being stranded in diaspora was a common one among the dents might use them to answer questions about move- half million Arab immigrants living in the Americas. After ment, fixity, and immigration mythmaking. 1918, the victorious European powers occupied and parti- tioned the eastern Mediterranean, governing Syria, Leba- In the migration history classroom, pushing against the non, and Palestine as a system of imperial Mandates and sedentary bias—the belief that staying put is a normative largely excluding emigrants from travel and nationality human state—is a common objective. To shift away from rights. justifying migration or framing it as extraordinary, we con- sider how immobility warrants explanation. What condi- The war and its aftermath invalidated their old passports tions lead people to stay put? Invention of new borders? and left their political futures uncertain. Alixa Naff’s oral Travel bans? When and how is immobility the product of histories with first generation , held by the historical structures? In Arab American history, the period and digitized by the Arab Ameri- following World War I represented such a moment. With can National Museum (AANM) reveal the coercive geopol- the establishment of the Mandate system in the Middle itics that undergirded the linear archetype of the “to America” story. Documenting dozens of personal narra- (ARAB AMERICAN continued on page 6) 2

From the IEHS President editor Alison Efford. We continue to add new followers on social media and expand the readership of the IEHS blog, Thanksgiving weekend is a fitting edited by Chienyn Chih, and Heather Lee and Sarah time to pen my last message as McNamara have plans to develop an IEHS podcast. president for the IEHS newsletter because I have had so much to be Board members old and new, Alan Kraut, Rosina Lozano, grateful for during my time as stew- and especially S. Deborah Kang, contributed to another ard of this great organization. Doz- major new initiative, the IEHS Professional Ethics Policy, ens of generous and talented col- which sets forth our organizational values regarding sexual leagues—most of whom I cannot harassment. Approved by the board at our virtual meeting name here—supported my efforts held April 3, 2020, the full text of this policy is posted at to continue expanding IEHS’s schol- the bottom of the Mission, History, and Bylaws section of arly community, services, and pro- the IEHS website and will be applied at IEHS-sponsored grams with their contributions of expertise, idealism, and events. Professional Ethics Committee members are taking labor. AHA-sponsored trainings to receive and investigate com- plaints. The three IEHS presidents who immediately preceded me—Barbara Posadas, Hasia Diner, and Maria Cristina Several turnovers and additions of IEHS officers have oc- Garcia—modelled leadership by women. I have continued curred during my term as president. Suzy Sinke has under- their long campaign toward building a “big tent” that fos- taken the major intellectual and administrative role of ters community and shared intellectual ground among JAEH editor and has been joined by new book review edi- scholars who often operate in silos imposed by the specific tor Omar Valerio-Jimenez for the past year. Monique groups that they research. From IEHS’s origins in the Laney has assumed the office of treasurer. As we issue this 1960s, when immigration history focused primarily on Eu- newsletter, we are currently searching for a new secretary ropeans, our organization has evolved to encompass the to step into the large shoes of Tim Draper, who has for experiences of immigrants and ethnic communities origi- more than a decade has capably managed the many mov- nating from all parts of the world. I have also had the good ing parts of core operations such as elections, member- fortune to inherit stable finances from my predecessors as ship, communications, awards committees, and banquet president, past treasurer Tyler Anbinder, and the editors arrangements. of the Journal of American Ethnic History (JAEH). These Pandemic conditions have prevented me from partici- revenues have enabled IEHS to fund more awards, grants, pating in my favorite responsibilities as president— and online programs. organizing conference gatherings to meet and share con- Being able to handover authority to a highly qualified suc- versations with my IEHS friends, honor the accomplish- cessor is surely one of the greatest accomplishments for a ments of recently published authors and major IEHS stal- leader, and I take great satisfaction in knowing that Kevin warts, and, perhaps best of all, choosing the menu for our Kenny is waiting in the wings. He has been unusually ac- annual awards banquet. I planned for, but did not get to tive as vice president, working as program committee attend, the 2020 OAH in Washington, DC. Although condi- chair and assuming a major role in developing our digital tions remain too unsettled in 2021, I look forward to see- projects program. During the pandemic, he has worked ing every one of you at IEHS gatherings in the better times with Maddalena Marinari, Ellen Wu, and Torrie Hester to that I hope lie ahead. organize online events such as author talks that have been Madeline Y. Hsu recorded and will be made available on YouTube. Under the supervision of digital projects officer Heather Lee, the IEHS website is being upgraded and will include an ex- Member Yukari Takai Receives Article Award panded educational resources section featuring projects such as Teach Immigration History and #ImmigrationSylla- In June 2020, Yukari Takai received the Canadian Com- bus, along with recommendations of books, websites, or- mittee on Migration, Ethnicity and Transnationalism ganizations, and archives. Current webmaster Bryan Prize from the Canadian Historical Association for her arti- Zehngut-Willits also coordinates communications with cle entitled “Recrafting Marriage in Meiji Hawai’i, 1885- new social media officer Sergio Gonzalez and newsletter 1913,” published in Gender & History 31, no. 3 (2019): 646–64. 3

Seeking New IEHS Secretary In Memoriam: Moses Rischin The position of secretary of the IEHS will be vacant after By Jonathan D. Sarna the Annual Meeting of the IEHS in April 2021. The secre- This necrology from H-Judaic was originally published on tary serves as an officer of the Immigration and Ethnic August 21, 2020 under a Creative Commons license. History Society, appointed by the IEHS president with the approval of the executive board. The appointment, for a H-Judaic is deeply saddened to learn of the passing of three-year term, is renewable. The secretary maintains Professor Moses Rischin (1925–2020), emeritus professor the records of the society, sends correspondence, over- at San Francisco State University, and a pioneering and sees elections, and assists with membership coordination senior scholar in the field of American Jewish history. and the annual meeting. The secretary will also work Born in Brooklyn, the son of two Russian-immigrant par- with the board in its current initiative to enhance digital ents who loved Hebrew (his father was a friend of the communications for the society. famed Israeli historian BenZion Dinur), young Moses was If anyone is interested in serving the IEHS in this capacity, sent to study in the then recently-opened Yeshiva of Flat- seeks more detailed information, or has questions on the bush, providing him with a foundation in Hebrew and Ju- position, please contact IEHS vice president/president daica that later served him well. He attended Erasmus elect Kevin Kenny ([email protected]), Timothy Hall High School in Brooklyn and Brooklyn College, where Draper ([email protected]), Maddalena Marinari his interest in history was sparked by historian Solomon F. ([email protected]), or Heather Lee Bloom. In 1947, he entered the graduate program at Har- ([email protected]). vard, where he fell under the spell of its pioneering histo- rian of immigration, Oscar Handlin. Rischin was one of IEHS Article Awards Handlin’s most influential disciples. He not only followed The Immigration and Ethnic History Society is pleased to him into American history and the history of immigration announce that Yuri Doolan of Brandeis University has but also into American Jewish history – then a new field, been awarded the Carlton C. Qualey Memorial Article scarcely recognized in the academy, that Handlin, Salo Award for his article,“ Transpacific Camptowns: Korean Baron and Jacob Rader Marcus were simultaneously nur- Women, U.S. Army Bases, and Military Prostitution in turing. America,” Journal of American Ethnic History 38, no. 4 In advance of 1954, celebrated as the 300th anniversary of (2019): 33–54. American Jewish life, Rischin worked on the first great Honorable mention goes to Uzma Quraishi of Sam Hou- analytic bibliography of American Jewish history, spon- ston State University for her article, “Racial Calculations: sored by the American Jewish Committee and published Indian and Pakistani Immigrants in Houston, 1960– as a pamphlet by Harvard University Press under the ti- 1980,” Journal of American Ethnic History 38, no. 4 tle An Inventory of American Jewish History. The volume (2019): 55–76. defined the contours of the emerging field and alerted students to the breadth and depth of its literature, with From the Programming Committee valuable insights that helped shape future scholarly direc- tions. While working on that pamphlet, Rischin also pio- The IEHS Programming Committee is eager to expand the neered the teaching of American Jewish history at the presence of our society not only at the annual meetings university level, introducing one of the first-ever courses of the OAH and AHA but also at the many other organiza- in the field at Brandeis University (1953–54). tions in which our members participate. Rischin received his doctorate from Harvard in 1957 un- We especially want to build on our connections with the der Handlin’s tutelage; it was the most important Harvard AHA Pacific Coast Branch, the WHA, SHAFR, SSHA, AAAS, doctorate in American Jewish history to that time. From and any other organizations in which IEHS members are its publication by Harvard University Press under the title involved. The Promised City: New York’s Jews, 1870–1914 (1962), it Please be in touch at any time with the IEHS Program- defined the highest standards of scholarship in the field. It ming Committee (Maddalena Marinari, Ellen Wu, Torrie remained in print for decades and influenced all subse- Hester, and Kevin Kenny) if you have questions, sugges- quent scholarship on East European Jews in America and tions, or advice. on the Jews of New York. 4

Rischin taught for two years at UCLA after his book ap- Researching US Immigration and Ethnic peared and then found a permanent academic home in History from Italy 1964 at San Francisco State University, where he taught for decades until he retired. He brought to San Francisco By Marco Moschetti the new study of immigration and ethnicity, which Handlin When Alison Efford asked me to write about what it is like had done so much to pioneer, and he also advanced new to study US immigration and ethnic history from Italy, my fields like the study of the American West (and of its first thought was: hard! There are two main difficulties for Jews). He is also credited with helping to define the “New those who, like me, do such research. Mormon History,” which he followed and reviewed. The scarcity of Italian studies on this issue is the first. The Rischin wrote, edited or co-edited numerous books includ- history of Italian emigration has certainly been studied ing Our Own Kind: Voting by Race, Creed, or National extensively, but almost always from the point of view of Origin (1960); The American Gospel of Suc- the Italians. My research, instead, focuses on the receiving cess (1965); Immigration and the American Tradi- country, how Italians integrated into US society and how tion (1976); and Jewish Legacy and the German Con- they actively took part in the political and cultural life. In science (with R. Asher, 1991). He also edited Hutchins my PhD thesis I analyzed the relations between Italian Hapgood's Spirit of the Ghetto (1967); Abra- Americans and African Americans in Chicago after WWII, ham Cahan's Grandma Never Lived in America (1985); The asking in particular if the Italians, after decades of intoler- Jews of North America (1987); and Jews of the American ance—the only topic that interests Italian historians—took West (with J. Livingston, 1991). He was deeply generous in part in struggles against the African American community his support of students and younger scholars. Of special and other minorities. The conflicts over the housing issue importance was his deep involvement in the scholarly in the Chicago settlements are a good example. For this work of the Judah L. Magnes Museum (he directed its research, I used for the first time in Italy the interviews of Western Jewish History Center) now part of the University the Italian in Chicago Oral History Project. of California at Berkeley. Sources represent another problem. The Italian archives For decades, Rischin set as his scholarly goal to produce a are only minimally digitized, and the few online often full-scale biography of Abraham Cahan (1860–1951), nov- available only for a fee. Independent scholars like me elist, editor of the Forward, and leader of the East Europe- often have no funding. It is even more difficult to find an Jewish community in New York. Nobody knew more funds to do research abroad. I’ve never had the oppor- about Cahan than Rischin did, and he felt that through tunity. The biggest piece of good fortune is the extensive Cahan he could write and interpret the history of East Eu- digitization of the US archives. This allowed me to contin- ropean Jews in America – a history that Cahan’s long life ue my research. embraced, and that Rischin himself knew at first Since 2013 I have been member of the Migration History hand. Sadly, that book remained unfinished when Ris- Center at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, chin’s health declined. In 1995, Jeffrey S. Gurock and Marc which has been dealing with history of Italian emigration Lee Raphael edited an important festschrift in Rischin’s to Europe and USA between the end of the nineteenth honor entitled: An Inventory of Promises: Essays on Amer- century and WWII. Currently, in addition to my research ican Jewish History in Honor of Moses Rischin. It includes on the Italian community of Chicago and its interethnic additional material by the editors on Rischin’s distin- relations, I am working on: guished scholarly career. • Italians in Louisiana. My interest is to understand how Both Professor Rischin and his wife Ruth battled the coro- they related to African Americans in the rural south navirus this summer, and both seemed to recover. They and shared a common history regarding emigration to celebrated 61 years of marriage together. The following th the Midwest in the early twentieth century. night (August 17 ), Professor Rischin passed away peace- fully in his sleep. • Return migration from the to Italy. This H-Judaic extends deepest condolences to his wife, Dr. topic (the subject of my master thesis) allows me to Ruth Rischin, his sister, Frances Abrams, his daughters, continue using oral sources, carrying out interviews Sarah (Gadye), Abigail and Rebecca, and to their five especially in the mountains of Emilia Romagna. grandchildren. 5

NEW MEMBER PUBLICATIONS

Bertossi, Christophe, Jan Willem Duy- of German-American Studies 54 (2019): 114–34. vendak, and Nancy Foner. “Past in the Quraishi, Uzma. Redefining the Immigrant South: Indian Present: Migration and the Uses of and Pakistani Immigrants in Houston during the Cold War. History in the Contemporary Era.” Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46, no. 15 Radzilowski, John, and Ann Hetzel Gunkel. Poles in Illi- (October 2020): nois. Carbondale: Southern Illinois 1–17. University Press, 2020. Chariton, Jesse Steiner, Mark E. “Abraham Lincoln, David. “‘No Ill Nativism, and Citizenship.” Latvijas Will’: The Experience of a Black Universitātes Źurnāls: Juridiskā zināt- Conservative Lutheran in the Civil ne (Law Journal of the University of Rights–Era South. Journal of the Latvia) 13 (2020): 15–32. Lutheran Historical Conference Takai, Yukari. “Recrafting Marriage in (2018): 181–200. Meiji Hawai’i, 1885–1913.” Gender & Cruz, José E. Liberalism and Identity History 31, no. 3 (2019): 646–64. Politics: Puerto Rican Community Organizations and Col- Thomas, Lorrin, and Aldo Lauria-Santiago. Rethinking the lective Action in New York City. New York: Centro Press, Struggle for Puerto Rican Rights. New York: Routledge, 2019. 2019. Cruz, José E. Puerto Rican Identity, Varsanyi, Monica W. “Hispanic Racialization, Citizenship, Political Development, and Democra- and the Colorado Border Blockade cy in New York, 1960–1990. Lanham, of 1936.” Journal of American Eth- Maryland: Lexington Books, 2017. nic History 40, no. 1 (2020): 5–39. Dounia, M. “Transnational Practices Vecchio, Diane C. “New Jewish and Emotional Belonging among Early Women: Shaping the Future of a 20th-Century Greek Migrants in the ‘New South’ in the Palmetto United States.” Genealogy 2020, no. 4 State.” Southern Jewish History 23 (2020): 90. (January 2020): 43–75. Gerber, David A. “Rethinking Agency, Wake, Naoko. “Lack of Empathy Rethinking Assumptions of the New Social History of Im- Takes the United States Deeper migration of the Late Twentieth into the Second Cold War.” The Century.” Review of Polish Diaspora Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 14, no. 17 (2020): 1–7. 45, no. 3 (2019): 29–40. Weidemann, Erika. “Identity and Survival: The Post-World González, Sergio M. “The Sanctuary War II Immigration of Chortitza Mennonites.” In European Movement,” in Oxford Research Mennonites and the Holocaust, ed. Encyclopedia of American History. Mark Jantzen and John D. Thiesen, New York: Oxford University Press, 269–89. Toronto: University of To- 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ ronto Press, 2020. acrefore/9780199329175.013.790 Zeidel, Robert F. Robber Barons and Jackson, Jessica Barbata. Dixie’s Wretched Refuse: Ethnic and Class Italians: Sicilians, Race, and Citizen- Dynamics during the Era of Ameri- ship in the Jim Crow Gulf South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana can Industrialization. Ithaca, NY: State University, 2020. Northern Illinois University Press, Kamphoefner, Walter D. “Doughboys auf Deutsch: U.S. 2020. Soldiers Writing Home in German from France.” Yearbook 6

(IARAB AMERICAN continued from page 1) seph had travelled to Palestine to marry Badria. As the new wife of a US citizen, the price of Badria’s passport was East, French and British officials sought to stem the flow of relinquishing her right to return: “this certificate is not emigration to the Americas as well as mitigate Arab repat- valid for return to Palestine” is typed into the document riation from abroad. They relied on passport controls to and beneath it, “wife of an American citizen.”7 By travel- draw lines of separation; for the first time, possession of ling beyond Palestine’s borders, Badria Howar gave up her the “right” passport distinguished authorized from unau- right to a Palestinian nationality under a 1925 law that thorized migration between the Middle East and its Arab that prohibited Palestinians living abroad from citizenship diasporas. protections.8 The AANM collection also holds two of Jo- seph Howar’s US passports: the first from 1919 before the A series of documents held by the AANM can get students creation of the Palestine Mandate and the second from thinking about passports as documents of immobility. his 1927 wedding trip.9 Joseph’s passport exemplifies a They show how the Mandates used passports to restrict pattern: possession of foreign passports granted elite émi- migration perceived as unbeneficial to state interests. The grés a degree of cross-border mobility not experienced by series begins with Joseph Nussar’s 1903 Ottoman passport most Arab Americans, most of whom carried only Otto- and includes papers given to Arab Americans by French, man mürûr tezkeresis through the 1920s. Furthermore, British, and American authorities after 1918. Nussar’s pairing Joseph’s US passport with Badria’s Palestine Man- “passport” was an Ottoman mürûr tezkeresi, an internal date one reveals their coercive character: Joseph (a Pales- travel document not intended for use beyond the empire tinian American man) travelled between diaspora and but carried by Ottoman subjects to the Americas, where homeland somewhat freely, but Badria’s marriage en- immigration authorities processed them as nationality- 4 tailed a departure and loss of nationality. In the interwar bearing documents. The war invalidated these Ottoman– Middle East, both the British and the French worked to era documents as passports (they could not be used for impose a territorial determinism that force-fitted colonial travel), but governments abroad continued to accept subjects to a map of their own design.10 These passports them as proof of nationality through the 1920s, for exam- permitted some to cross borders, but only in the context ple, when Arab immigrants declared their intention to nat- of marooning thousands abroad. uralize as US citizens. Meanwhile, the European Mandates in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine started to print passports It was in the context of the immobilized 1920s that the for select Arab subjects in order to restrict new emigration myth that Arab American immigrants had always “come to abroad. A 1922 French passport permitted Mihje Haddad stay” emerged. Such immigrant metanarratives (or and her sons to travel less than two years after the crea- “Mayflowerisms”) are also a common focus in migration tion of Greater Lebanon, but it also represents an attempt history.11 Arab American history has a few of these to curb the larger practice of Arab migrants travelling on metanarratives: for example, historians critique the defunct Ottoman documents. The French passport was “persecution theory,” the stereotype that Arab immi- good for a single year, both reflecting and obscuring the grants were uniformly Christians fleeing religious persecu- legal reality that Lebanon, at that point, lacked a nationali- tion.12 Scholars are also revising historiographical fixations ty code and formal migration policy.5 The High Commis- with peddling and commercial success, nuancing older sioner sought to slow the departure of Lebanese workers social mobility narratives that belied more varied Arab to preserve a sectarian balance of power instrumental to American livelihoods.13 These stereotypes are all still pre- maintaining French colonial rule.6 One of the only ways to sent in the Naff oral histories, voiced by her interlocutors obtain a passport like Mihje’s was through US immigration as explanations for why Arab Americans came and why policies favoring family reunification; her passport allowed they stayed. They can be fruitfully unpacked alongside her to depart “to rejoin her daughters” in New York City. critical scholarship in Arab American studies. In Palestine, the British employed a similar strategy of us- A final notable example of how to use the Naff collection ing passports to restrict migration, and Badria Howar’s is to interrogate the hegemonic legibility of New York 1927 passport is a case in point. Also the recipient of a City’s “little Syria” neighborhood as the Arab American family sponsorship, Howar was permitted a single-use story. This narrative originated from the earliest commu- “emergency” passport, which allowed her to accompany nity studies starting with Philip Hitti, The Syrians in Ameri- her husband, Joseph Howar, to New York City. A Palestini- ca (1924), and it is popularized now through the circula- an émigré who had achieved US citizenship by 1918, Jo- tion of iconic images of“ little Syria” held by the Library of 7

Congress.14 As historians now diversify Arab American his- 7. Passport for Badria (Bader) Howar. Jerusalem, 1927, Joseph tory by revisiting these archives, they ask new questions Howar Collection, AANM, available at https:// about how little Syria’s historical hegemony was con- aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll2/id/36/ structed and what counternarratives it omits. Naff’s oral rec/1. 8. Lauren Banko, The Invention of Palestinian Citizenship, histories, for instance, include twenty-three interviews (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016); Nadim Bawalsa, given by Arab Americans in Los Angeles, prompting Sarah 15 “Legislating Exclusion: Palestinian Migrants and Interwar Citizen- Gualtieri to write a new history of Syrian California. Stu- ship,” Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no. 2 (2017): 44–59. dents could compare interviewee life histories in New 9. 1927 Passport for Abraham Joseph Howar, Joseph Howar England, the Midwest, and California before thinking Collection, AANM, available at https:// through why New York City is popularly recalled as the aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll2/id/89/ location for Arab American history.16 For many of Naff’s rec/3. 1919 Passport for Abraham Joseph Howar, Joseph Howar interviewees, New York was waypoint on the road to Collection, AANM, available at https:// many Arab American diasporas; the places where their aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll2/ stories overlap are sites of autobiographical narration. id/115/rec/4. 10. Bader (Badria) Howar achieved US citizenship in 1930. Her Digital archival collections like those held by AANM began naturalization certificate lists her race as “Syrian” and former with researchers seeking stories traditionally marginalized nationality as “Palestinian,” opening opportunities for thinking within government archives, composing counter archives about race versus national origins categories in US law. Citizen- concerned with the preservation and representation of ship Papers for Bader Howar, Joseph Howar Collection, AANM, Arab American histories. Similar collections by the Immi- available at https://aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/ gration History Research Center and the Khayrallah Center p16806coll2/id/38/rec/10 11. Rudolph Vecoli, “Problems in Comparative Studies of Inter- for Lebanese Diaspora Studies focus on dissemination of national Emigrant Communities,” in Hourani and Shehadi, Leba- social histories. As students become more familiar with nese in the World, 721. using digital archives, they can explore how availability 12. Akram Fouad Khater, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and access to certain kinds of texts shapes our under- and the Middle Class in Lebanon (Berkeley: University of Califor- standing of the past. nia Press, 2001). Notes 13. Charlotte Karem Albrecht, “Narrating Arab American History: The Peddling Thesis,” Arab Studies Quarterly 37, no. 1 (2015): 1. Alice Abraham interview with Alixa Naff, Los Angeles, 1962, 100–117. Faris and Yamna Naff Arab American Collection, Smithsonian 14. Philip K Hitti, The Syrians in America (New York: George Institution (hereafter Naff/SI-AANM). All interviews are in two Doran, 1924); see the George Grantham Bain Collection, Library parts: the mp3 recorded interview and Naff’s interview notes. of Congress. Available at https://cdm16806.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/ 15. Sarah M.A. Gualtieri, Arab Routes: Pathways to Syrian Cali- collection/p16806coll10/id/81/rec/1 . fornia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019). 2. Dr. Simon Abdelnour interview with Alixa Naff, Los Angeles, 16. Charles Teebagy interview with Alixa Naff, Dorchester, 1962, 1962, Naff/SI-AANM, available at https:// Naff/SI-AANM, available at https:// cdm16806.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll10/ cdm16806.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll10/ id/82/rec/1 . id/69; Nazha Haney interview with Alixa Naff, , 1962, 3. Alixa Naff, Becoming American: the Early Arab American Expe- Naff/SI-AANM, available at https:// rience (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985). cdm16806.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll10/ 4. Ottoman Passport, Beirut, 1903, Joseph Nussar Family Collec- id/9; Alice Abraham interview with Alixa Naff, Los Angeles, tion, Arab American National Museum, Dearborn, MI (hereafter 1962. Naff/SI-AANM, available at https:// AANM), available at https://aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/ cdm16806.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll10/ collection/p16806coll13/id/17/rec/1 id/81/rec/1. 5. Passport for Mihje Haddad and sons, Beirut, 1922. Joseph

Nussar Family Collection, AANM, available at https:// Stacy D. Fahrenthold is assistant professor aanm.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16806coll13/ of History at University of California, Da- id/20/rec/2. vis, and co-editor of Mashriq & Mahjar: 6. On the French Mandate, see my book, Between the Ottomans Journal of Middle Eastern and North Afri- and the Entente: the First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese can Migration Studies. Her book, Between Diaspora (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019); Camila Pas- the Ottomans and the Entente, won the tor, The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and 2020 Evelyn Shakir Nonfiction Award from Arabs under the French Mandate (Austin: University of Texas the Arab American National Museum. Press, 2017). The Immigration and Ethnic History Newsletter Edited by Alison Clark Efford Department of History Marquette University PO Box 1881 Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881

Vol. LII, No. 2 Winter 2020

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Teaching Arab American History through All rates include membership in the Immigration and Ethnic Histo- Digital Collections: Agenda for a Plague Year ry Society, the quarterly Journal of American Ethnic History, and By Stacy D. Fahrenthold 1 the biannual Immigration and Ethnic History Newsletter. From the IEHS President 2 Individuals (1 Year): In Memoriam: Moses Rischin 3 Print or online: $45; Both: $55 Researching US Immigration and Ethnic Students (1 Year): History from Italy Print or online: $25; Both: $35 By Marco Moschetti 4 Institutions (1 Year): New Member Publications 5 Print or online: $257; Both: $310 Special thanks to Laurence Matthews for help with Non-U.S. postage (Canada/Mexico): + $10 this issue. Other non-U.S. locations: + $35

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